Today Dr. Schrader continues the remarkable story of Aimery de Lusignan.
In 1188, with
almost all of what had once been the Kingdom of Jerusalem under his control, Saladin
released the Lusignan brothers. Guy promised never to take up arms against
Saladin again, and he may also have promised to deliver the remaining
strongholds of his former (nominal?) kingdom to the enemy. Whatever the terms
were, Guy did not respect them, and we can assume that Aimery followed his
lead.
Guy and Aimery
(in the company of the Templar Grand Master Gerard de Ridefort) went to
Antioch, the only Crusader kingdom that was still more or less in-tact and
there raised some 700 knights and 9,000 other ranks to continue the fight
against Saladin and re-capture his lost Kingdom. Meanwhile, Guy and Aimery’s older brother,
Geoffrey, had arrived from the West and was in Tyre. Guy, naturally, headed for
the last free city of his kingdom with his new force of knights and men.
However, the man commanding the defense of Tyre, Conrad de Montferrat, refused
to admit him. Guy de Lusignan was persona non grata in his own kingdom!
Geoffrey de
Lusignan, however, knew that a major Western force under the command of the
Kings of England and France was collecting in the West and would eventually
arrive. He advised Guy to “take action.” It was obvious to Guy’s elder
brothers, both Geoffrey and Aimery, that Guy would lose the last shreds of
respect and support if he did nothing. So Guy went with his knights and men to
lay siege to Acre — the most important port of his former kingdom, which had
been surrendered without a fight by Joceslyn de Courtney after the Battle of
Hattin.
It was an
apparently futile gesture, but one that attracted the support of almost any
fighting man who was not prepared to accept defeat and every armed Christian
who was not prepared to abandon the Holy Land. Holding on to Tyre was critical
for survival, but the task was too defensive for many men’s tastes — and there was
only so much anyone could do there. So although Guy started his siege of Acre
with roughly 10,000 men, the Christian camp around Acre grew steadily, swollen
by “armed pilgrims” that set out from the West to recover the Holy Land without
waiting for the organized crusade. Guy’s forces soon reached an estimated
30,000 men of which 2,000 were mounted (knights, squires and turcopoles). Key to
Guy’s success was support from the Pisan fleet and, later, Danish and Frisian
ships as well, which enabled the besiegers to retain lines-of-communication and
supply with the West and Antioch.
On Oct. 4, 1189,
the Christians made an assault an Acre when Saladin himself was in the city assessing
the situation. In a day long battle close to 5,000 Christians were killed
including (finally) the Templar Grand Master Gerard de Rideford, who shared
much of the blame for the disaster at Hattin. Yet while they failed in their
objective, they also convinced Saladin that his forces were too weak to drive
them away either, and an 18 month stalemate ensued — punctuated by sporadic
attacks. Whenever the Christians attempted to take Acre, the Saracens
surrounding them would attack from the rear, forcing them to return to their
camp and trenches.
Meanwhile,
conditions in the Christian camp deteriorated and morale plummeted. In 1190,
disease took the lives of Queen Sibylla and her two daughters by Guy — their
only off-spring. With them died Guy’s sole claim to the throne of Jerusalem.
Meanwhile, the
Third Crusade was approaching, led by Richard I of England and Philip II of
France. Despite past frictions between the Plantagenets and Lusignans, Richard
the Lionheart threw his weight behind Guy de Lusignan’s — now weaker than ever —
claim to the throne, and (predictably) Philip II of France backed Guy’s rival,
Conrad de Montferrat, who had married Sibylla’s younger sister, Isabella, and
claimed the crown of Jerusalem through her.
With the forces
of the two kings and Richard the Lionheart’s leadership, the siege of Acre was
brought to a successful conclusion: the Saracen garrison surrendered and the
Christians re-occupied the city. Philip of France then promptly sailed back to
France (to make trouble for Richard), but the barons and burghers of Outremer
remained vehemently opposed to Guy. By 1192 Richard the Lionheart was forced to
admit that Guy was untenable as King of Jerusalem any longer. He recognized
Isabella as the rightful Queen of Jerusalem and her husband (first Conrad de
Montferrat and then Henry of Champagne) as King.
But this is where
things get interesting for the Lusignans. On his way to the Holy Land, Richard
I had conquered Cyprus. This immensely wealthy island which had long been part
of the Byzantine Empire had been seized by a self-proclaimed “Emperor,” whose
tyrannical policies had so alienated his subjects that they welcomed and
cooperated with Richard of England. Intent on rescuing the Holy Land, however,
Richard had not wanted to retain the island for himself and had instead sold it to
the Knights Templar. They, however, had proved such oppressive and unpopular
overlords that by April 1192 the entire island was in rebellion against their
rule. The Templars, recognizing that
they did not have the resources to subdue the island and fight for the Holy
Land, returned the island to the King of England.
By now Richard
knew that his younger brother John and the King of France were scheming to rob
him of his inheritance in England and France. He had no more time for or interest
in Cyprus than the Templars did. So he sold it to Guy de Lusignan!
That was all very
well for the King of England, but the fact was that with the entire population
now up in arms against the rule of the crusaders, Guy first had to re-conquer the
kingdom he had bought. He set off with what few supporters he still had.
Curiously, at this stage his brother Aimery did not accompany him. Aimery
remained behind in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, where he was still technically
Constable. It was a bad move. The new king, Henry of Champagne, was clearly
suspicious of his loyalty and when he sided with the Pisans, who Henry
suspected of plotting against him, he was promptly imprisoned.
According to
Peter Edbury in his history The Kingdom
of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191 – 1374,
Aimery’s arrest “evoked protests from some prominent figures in the
kingdom….” This supports my earlier thesis that — in contrast to Guy who seems
to have been singularly adept at making enemies — Aimery was still popular
among his adopted countrymen. The fact that King Henry gave in to the protests
and released Aimery on the condition that he surrender the office of Constable
suggests that Aimery’s supporters were very influential indeed. I can’t help
but suspect that they included Balian d’Ibelin, who was King Henry’s de jure
father-in-law (he was married to Queen Isabella’s mother). Balian was the
leading baron in Henry of Champagne’s kingdom — and Aimery’s wife was Balian’s
niece. Aimery duly surrendered his office of Constable of Jerusalem and
promptly went to Cyprus to assist his brother Guy in taking control of his new
lordship.
Less than two
years later, Guy de Lusignan was dead. Notably, he designated his elder brother
Geoffrey — not Aimery who had been with him so long and through so much — as
his heir. The record is far too sketchy to know why, but there may have been
tension between the brothers all along. Aimery’s support of his brother, as I
noted before, was not necessarily indicative of genuine approval of his
policies or actions but rather the imperative of family loyalty and
self-interest. Fortunately for Aimery, Geoffrey de Lusignan had no interest in
Cyprus. So Guy’s vassals chose Aimery as his successor.
Within three
years of becoming the Latin/crusader overlord of Cyprus, Aimery had established
peace on the island, set up a Latin ecclesiastical hierarchy alongside the Orthodox one (evidently
following the model in the earlier crusader states that allowed the inhabitants
to follow their own faith), and
raised Cyprus to the status of a kingdom. Thus while Guy de Lusignan was “Lord
of Cyprus,” Aimery was “King of Cyprus.” He obtained the dignity of kingship by
offering to do homage for Cyprus to the Holy Roman Emperor. This was to cause
trouble for his successors and lead to a bloody civil war a generation later,
but Cyprus remained a Kingdom for nearly 300 years — ruled by the direct
descendants of Aimery de Lusignan. (For more detail on the establishment of Lusignan rule on Cyprus see: http://schradershistoricalfiction.blogspot.com/2017/07/an-empty-island-waiting-to-welcome.html)
Nor was that the
end of his astonishing life. In 1197, his first wife, Eschiva d’Ibelin died
having given him six children, three of whom had lived to adulthood. The eldest surviving son of this marriage, Hugh, would in due time
inherit the Kingdom of Cyprus. When Henry of Champagne died in the same year,
however, Aimery was selected as the fourth husband of Queen Isabella of Jerusalem, allegedly with the “almost
unanimous” support of the barons and bishops of the rump-state of Jerusalem.
Aimery promptly concluded a five year truce with the Saracens that gave the kingdom much needed
breathing space to retrench and consolidate itself. He also named Balian d’Ibelin’s son John to his old position of Constable of
Jerusalem — an exceptional mark of favor for a young man not yet 20 and one
presumes more a gesture of gratitude to his father than a mark of confidence in
one so young. (John was later to swap
the constableship for the lordship of Beirut.)
In 1204, with the
Fourth Crusade diverted to Constantinople, Aimery concluded a new truce with a
six year duration. This gave his kingdom the peace it needed for economic
recovery, but he did not live long enough to enjoy it. In February 1205, his son by Queen Isabella —
the only son she ever had — died, and Aimery followed him to the grave within
two months, Isabella shortly afterwards.
The crown of Cyprus passed to his son Hugh, and the crown of Jerusalem
to Isabella’s oldest surviving child, her daughter Maria of Montferrat.
Aimery de
Lusignan was King of Cyprus for eleven years and King of Jerusalem for eight —
twice as long as his brother Guy had been. To both kingdoms he had brought
stability and peace. His reign was looked back upon by subsequent generations
as one of justice and prosperity — in both kingdoms.
Dr. Helena P. Schrader holds a PhD in History.
She is the Chief Editor of the Real Crusades History Blog.
She
is an award-winning novelist and author of numerous books both fiction
and non-fiction. Her three-part biography of Balian d'Ibelin won a total
of 14 literary accolades. Her most recent release is a novel about the
founding of the crusader Kingdom of Cyprus.
You can find out more at: http://crusaderkingdoms.com
You can find out more at: http://crusaderkingdoms.com
Aimery's role in establishing the Lusignan dynasty on Cyprus is the focus of "The Last Crusader Kingdom."
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