tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38586136679624277132024-03-18T00:35:20.390-07:00+ Real Crusades History +Scott Amishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05372208682196878339noreply@blogger.comBlogger348125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-3995611630680562572022-09-26T02:30:00.001-07:002022-09-26T02:30:00.175-07:00The Barons' Crusader 1239 - 1241<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;">After nearly a decade of fraternal
fighting, al-Ashraf had died in 1237, leaving al-Kamil the victor in the
Ayyubid power-struggle — until he died a year later. The Ayyubid empire at once
disintegrated again into warring factions, this time with the brothers, sons
and nephews of al-Kamil at each other’s throats just as Frederick II’s truce
with al-Kamil expired in 1239. A golden opportunity had just opened up for crusades-minded knights and nobles in the West. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="color: #990000;">(Below a stained glass portrait depicting the English crusader Simon de Montfort, Sixth Earl of Leicester)</span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2uuTKugF0IVvM1jjg7zYKGks5hoa7h-GGn37fKUozkyi_MiE0bkPWNEexrQb1f6_6aNZOObjLkSpMXCDT70z3FVap7hlSqH4MWEAp6bIaKi6Mu9fH1pLeAr1hmVXqYHrNoe-Yhj8sbtZfwZ6QlsBudDf6fkCoqibrVE4_2bjluLILTSRUNG5G02GxGQ/s180/simon_de_montfort.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="180" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2uuTKugF0IVvM1jjg7zYKGks5hoa7h-GGn37fKUozkyi_MiE0bkPWNEexrQb1f6_6aNZOObjLkSpMXCDT70z3FVap7hlSqH4MWEAp6bIaKi6Mu9fH1pLeAr1hmVXqYHrNoe-Yhj8sbtZfwZ6QlsBudDf6fkCoqibrVE4_2bjluLILTSRUNG5G02GxGQ/s1600/simon_de_montfort.jpg" width="180" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since the end of Frederick II's truce had been anticipated for some
time, large contingents of crusaders started to arrive to resume hostilities
almost at once. These included a substantial army under a number of prominent
French nobles, the most senior of which was Thibaut, Count of Champagne and
King of Navarre. The factions within the Kingdom of Jerusalem temporarily
overcame their differences and joined these forces to confront the Ayyubids.
The latter, meanwhile, re-occupied the defenseless Jerusalem in December. </span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite a defeat at Gaza in November (caused
by crusaders foolishly ignoring the advice of the Masters of the Military
Orders and their own senior commanders), Navarra took advantage of infighting
among the Ayyubids to obtain a highly advantageous treaty with al-Kamil’s
brother al-Salih Ismael. This restored to Christian control the hinterland
behind Sidon, the castles of Beaufort, Belvoir, and Safad, the towns/castles of
Toron and Tiberias, along with obtaining promises of the surrender of
Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Galilee to Frankish control in exchange for
Frankish help in defeating Ismael’s cousin Da’ud, who had taken control in
Damascus. The crusaders rapidly re-establishing control in the northern
territories and started to raid into Galilee. Da’ud came under enough pressure
to likewise make concessions to the crusaders in exchange for peace. In late
summer 1240, he signed an agreement that ceded to the crusaders nearly
everything that had belonged to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187, except the
region around Nablus (which was predominantly Muslim) and the Transjordan. The
treaty may, however, have included dangerous clauses about providing assistance
to Da’ud in a war against his cousin Ayyub, who had recently seized power in
Egypt.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Meanwhile, in October 1240 an English force
composed of 800 knights led by Richard, Duke of Cornwall, sailed into Acre.
Cornwall was not only the brother of King Henry III of England, he was the new
brother-in-law of Frederick II since the marriage of his sister Isabella to
Frederick in July 1235. He was accompanied by another brother-in-law, the
husband of his sister Eleanor, Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester. Cornwall
rebuilt the citadel at Ascalon and opened the lines of communication to Da’ud
only to discover the latter no longer needed crusader assistance and was not
inclined to honor the terms of the agreement he’d signed with Navarre. Cornwall
promptly switched tack and accepted a deal offered by Ayyub of Egypt that
included a prisoner-exchange, including prisoners captured at the fiasco at
Gaza the previous year. Cornwall demonstratively sided with Frederick II in his
conflict with the rebellious barons of Outremer and handed over Ascalon to
Frederick’s representatives before departing the Holy Land on 3 May 1241 bound
for England via Sicily. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Significantly and enigmatically, however, he
carried with him a proposal signed by Balian of Beirut and other leading rebel
barons, which put forward a proposal to end the dispute between the barons and
the Emperor. The rebel barons laid out conditions for reconciliation as
follows: 1) a full pardon for all rebels including the Ibelins, 2) the
appointment of a baillie acceptable to them who would hold power in the entire
kingdom until Conrad came to the kingdom in person, and 3) the promise that the
interim baillie swear to uphold the laws and customs of the kingdom. In
exchange, the lords and burgesses of Jerusalem would swear to obey Frederick’s
baillie. Most important, the letter identified by name the Imperial baillie they
were willing to accept, namely, Frederick’s brother-in-law Simon de Montfort.
Frederick ignored the letter and no more is heard of the proposal. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">We can only speculate on what Montfort had
done or said to win the support of the rebel barons, but it is undoubtedly
significant that he shared a cousin with the leader of the rebel barons, Balian
of Beirut. More intriguing, in light of Simon de Montfort’s later role as the
leader of a baronial revolt in England, it appears that Balian of Beirut and
his spirit of rebellion against arbitrary royal authority impressed Simon de
Montfort as much as the other way around. </span></p>
<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-43111105709865954662022-09-19T02:30:00.001-07:002022-09-19T02:30:00.180-07:00Civil War in the Crusader States<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"> <span><span style="font-family: Righteous;">Although
Frederick II Hohenstaufen spent only a few months in the Kingdom of
Jerusalem, his impact on the kingdom was arguably fatal. With the wisdom
of hindsight, we can see that the civil war that he ignited and the
policy of absentee monarchy that his dynasty adopted doomed the kingdom
more certainly than the actions of Saladin or the Mamluks.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-P9YYwpkFSBwrpc0ZJsSnFnMQ29xX5n3OEi6xslJiyhaHxwC6-dWz3keESCTpY5Giy5DPlPQg28tplxYSV3QBHIheYmfa6_WJ-_tL1I-tvDu7t11-F_4j4ydJfRk8aOkEYRepeT1yIl9cFrWIKY7RFBOyJJ7asfvl6rg2cUNRyg_L5XcA0bLBo9yN2w/s294/13th%20Century%20Cavalry.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="172" data-original-width="294" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-P9YYwpkFSBwrpc0ZJsSnFnMQ29xX5n3OEi6xslJiyhaHxwC6-dWz3keESCTpY5Giy5DPlPQg28tplxYSV3QBHIheYmfa6_WJ-_tL1I-tvDu7t11-F_4j4ydJfRk8aOkEYRepeT1yIl9cFrWIKY7RFBOyJJ7asfvl6rg2cUNRyg_L5XcA0bLBo9yN2w/s1600/13th%20Century%20Cavalry.png" width="294" /></a></div> <br /><p></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The opening volley in this war occurred incongruously
at a banquet shortly after Frederick’s arrival in Cyprus on his way to Acre for
the Sixth Crusade. Frederick invited his ‘dear uncle,’ the acting regent of
Cyprus and former regent of Jerusalem, the Lord of Beirut, to a banquet. The Emperor
used extremely friendly and flattering language and explicitly requested that
Beirut bring ‘his children’ to the banquet. Furthermore, the Emperor provided
robes and requested that Beirut’s eldest sons serve him at table, all gestures
designed to simulate the greatest affection and respect. Under cover of
darkness, however, the Emperor brought troops into the venue and hid them. At
Frederick’s signal, these armed men came out of their hiding places and
surrounded the unarmed guests. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Frederick then proceeded to demand that Beirut
surrender his lordship — without stating a reason much less proving any
wrong-doing — and also repay all the funds he had allegedly embezzled from the
Cypriot treasury during his own and his brother’s tenure as regents. Despite
the obvious threat of violence, Beirut responded by saying he held Beirut by
right and that neither he nor his brother had ever embezzled a penny of the
revenues of Cyprus. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">While historians have rightly suggested that the
latter is hardly credible, the issue here was not which of the two men was ultimately
right but rather the fundamental principle of due process. A eye-witness
account written within twenty years of the event puts the following words into
the Lord of Beirut’s mouth: “I will furnish you proofs by the usage and by the
court of the Kingdom of Cyprus; but be certain that for fear of death or of
prison I will not do more unless the judgement of the good and loyal court
requires me to do.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
While this is unlikely to be a verbatim quote is neatly summarizes the issues
at stake. Beirut was able to walk out of the banquet alive with the bulk of the
Cypriot knights and barons at his back not because his record as regent was impeccable,
but rather because he demanded no more than what his contemporaries viewed as
right and just: the right to a trial before his peers. The Emperors response
was to threaten violence, to demand hostages, and to allow these to be
mishandled while in his custody. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A temporary compromise was worked out in which
the Emperor agreed to release the hostages and bring the charges against Beirut
in the respective High Courts in exchange for Beirut surrendering the castles
of Cyprus to the Emperor’s men and joining his crusade. While Beirut, his adult
sons, nephews, and vassals were in Syria, however, the Emperor sent the Count
of Cotron to Cyprus to lay waste the lands of Beirut, his family and supporters.
Furthermore, Frederick attempted to arbitrarily bestow the lordship and castle
of Toron on his clients the Teutonic Knights, ignoring the claims of the
hereditary heirs thereby alienating another powerful family in Outremer. He likewise
attempted to seize control of the Templar castle of Athlit by force. By all these
actions, Frederick demonstrated that he had no interest in the laws or
constitution of the kingdom, that he respected no one’s rights but his own, and
was perfectly willing to use force against his own subjects to get his way. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">When Frederick departed the Holy Land via
Cyprus, he sold the regency for the still under-aged King Henry of Cyprus to
five Cypriot noblemen. They were ordered to ensure Beirut and his supporters
never again set foot in the island kingdom. This demonstrated that all his
signed promises to bring his charges against Beirut before the High Court were
worthless. He then sailed away never to return.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The ‘five baillies’ of Cyprus (as they have
gone down in history) began a rapacious regime that undermined their
popularity. In consequence, when Beirut retuned with what must have been a
small force, he was able to land at Gastria and advance to the outskirts of
Nicosia. The five baillies called up the feudal army of Cyprus and met Beirut’s
army at the Battle of Nicosia on 14 July 1229. Although the victory went to the
Ibelins, all five baillies escaped to the mountain castles. Beirut was forced
to besiege both Kantara and St. Hilarion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Not until shortly after Easter 1230 did the baillies surrender St.
Hilarion in exchange for a full amnesty. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Frederick II, however, had not achieved his
objectives. So, in the autumn of 1231 he sent the Imperial Marshal Richard
Filangieri with a fleet of thirty-three ships loaded with mercenaries to
enforce his rule in the kingdoms of both Cyprus and Jerusalem. In the former, Fredrick
issued orders to King Henry in his capacity as the “Overlord of Cyprus.” In Jerusalem,
Frederick named Filangieri his “baillie” or deputy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Filangieri anchored first off Cyprus and sent
the Bishop of Melfi ashore as Frederick’s envoy. In Frederick’s name, the
bishop ineptly demanded that King Henry of Cyprus expel the Lord of Beirut and all
his relatives from his realm. Henry blandly pointed out that he could not
comply with the Emperor’s orders because he was himself a relative of Beirut. He
further noted that it was a lord’s duty to defend his vassals — not hound them
out of their fiefs without cause or trial.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since Beirut had rushed to Cyprus with all the
men and his sons held the ports, the Emperor’s marshal made the wise decision
not to attempt a landing in Cyprus against resistance. Instead, he sailed by
night and struck at the undefended city of Beirut. The town surrendered without
a fight, but the citadel with only a skeleton garrison held firm for their lord.
Leaving the bulk of his forces investing the citadel, Filangieri continued to
Acre where he presented his credentials as Frederick’s baillie and was
recognized as such by the High Court of Jerusalem. However, the Court objected to
his seizure of Beirut on the grounds there had been no judgement by the Court against
the Lord of Beirut. Filangieri, who had just sworn to uphold the laws and
customs of the kingdom, answered that he needed to ‘take counsel’ with his
magnates. He withdrew from Acre, set up his residence in Tyre, and joined his troops
to pursue the siege of Beirut citadel with increased vigor. In short,
Filangieri had no more interest in the laws and customs of the Kingdom than did
his master Frederick II. The Lord of Beirut had been disseized by force without
a judgement of the High Court. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Beirut, however, refused to concede defeat.
Instead, he made a dramatic appeal to King Henry of Cyprus for aid, and the king
responded by personally calling up the entire feudal army of Cyprus. After a dangerous
winter crossing, this army landed on the Syrian coast. Here the former Imperial
baillies and some eighty knights (roughly 20% of the Cypriot feudal elite) defected
from King Henry’s host and rode for Tripoli. The remaining troops under the
Lord of Beirut and King Henry advanced down the coast to challenge the Imperial
army besieging Beirut. When it became clear that the Cypriot army was
insufficiently strong to lift the siege, Beirut smuggled roughly one hundred
fighting men through the sea blockade into the citadel, and then withdrew with
the rest of the army to Acre in search of additional backing. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Beirut put his case before the High Court.
This brought him the direct support of some forty knights, while the High Court
sent a high-ranking delegation to Filangieri to remind him of the laws and advise
him to end his siege. Filangieri’s referred them back to Emperor Friedrich. His
blunt dismissal of the concerns of the representatives of the High Court swung
public opinion in Outremer behind Beirut. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Meanwhile, the latter had crucially won the support
of the Genoese — who were dogged opponents of the Hohenstaufens in Italy
already. In addition, the ‘Commune of Acre’ had been created. This was an ad
hoc body with no legal basis or function, which served as a rallying point for opponents
of Imperial power from all classes, ethnic groups and religions. The ‘Commune’
elected the Lord of Beirut their ‘mayor.’ With these forces Beirut felt strong
enough to risk an attack on Filangieri’s base in Tyre. The threat to Tyre,
forced Filangieri to lift the siege of Beirut Citadel, and offer to negotiate.
While the Lord of Beirut was negotiating with Filangieri’s envoys in Acre, however,
Filangieri’s army overran the Cypriot/Ibelin camp at Casal Imbert capturing ships,
horses, tents, equipment and twenty-four knights. King Henry barely escaped in
his nightshirt, riding all the way to Acre to bring word of the debacle. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In assessments of this incident, too much
attention has been paid to the fact that the Cypriots/Ibelins were caught
completely off guard, and too little attention to how the defeat significantly increased
popular support for the Lord of Beirut. For the first time the two men
appointed by Frederick as baillies on his departure from the Holy Land (i.e. the
men who represented Imperial power from May 1229 until Filangieri’s arrival in
September 1231), Balian of Sidon and Eudes de Montbelliard, joined Beirut.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Presumably they were swayed by the fact that international
law prohibits hostilities during negotiations. Thus, not only were the Cyriots/Ibelins
fully justified in not expecting an attack, but Filangieri’s surprise strike
was considered treacherous. Like the banquet for unarmed guests in which Frederick
hid soldiers and like the Count of Cotron’s attack in Cyprus while Beirut was
loyally serving under Frederick in Syria, this attack struck contemporaries as deceitful
and dishonorable. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Meanwhile, thinking the Lord of Beirut and the
King of Cyprus were effectively knocked out of action by their humiliation at
Casal Imbert, Filangieri took his fleet and army to overrun Cyprus. There could
be no pretense of acting in the interests of King Henry because the King had
come of age. Had Henry previously been coerced into supporting Beirut, he was
now free to take revenge. Instead he requested the papal legate to
excommunicate Filangieri so he would be justified in seizing Imperial war
galleys still tied up in Acre harbor. The papal legate demurred, but suggested Henry
take the ships on his own initiative. He did. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In these ships, the Cypriot/Ibelin army
returned to Cyprus. They dramatically wrecked the expropriated ships on an coastal
island, crossed over a ford only passable at low tide, and took Famagusta from
the rear without a fight as the Imperial forces fled in the night. Henry was
able to re-occupy his capital without bloodshed. However, Filiangieri still commanded
a much larger army of Imperial mercenaries. He also had the support of the
eighty knights who had defected at the start of the year. Furthermore, the
king’s sisters were trapped in the castle of St. Hilarion, which was besieged by
Imperial forces, and supplies were running dangerously low. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The latter forced Henry and Beirut to attempt
the relief of St. Hilarion, thereby risking a confrontation with the Imperial
forces drawn up on the flank of the mountain ridge separating the Cypriot army
from St. Hilarion. The Cypriot/Ibelin army was so small, that in
over-confidence the Imperial knights charged down upon it, abandoning their strong
position. In the ensuing Battle of Agridi fought on 15 June 1232, the
Cypriot/Ibelin force decisively defeated Filangieri’s men. The battle is
remembered for the role played by the infantry, largely composed of local
troops who came out in support of their king. These reportedly killed unhorsed Imperial
knights, while helping Cypriot/Ibelin knights back into the saddle. Imperial
casualties were huge by the standards of the day, namely sixty knights. Nevertheless,
Filangieri was able to withdraw with the bulk of his troops to the coastal
castle of Kyrenia. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">From here Filangieri appealed to Antioch,
Armenia, and the Emperor for help; he received none. He and those Cypriots who had
sided with the him sailed away to safety, while a garrison held Kyrenia for
almost a year before surrendering to royal Cypriot forces. Frederick II never
again tried to interfere in Cypriot affairs, and in 1246 the pope solemnized
the de facto situation by formally absolving King Henry of all oaths of
vassalage to the Holy Roman Emperor. Thereafter, the Kingdom of Cyprus was
fully independent. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Frederick’s claim to be King of Jerusalem and
to rule without the consent of the High Court, however, had not been resolved —
and nor had his determination to humiliate the Lord of Beirut. The latter,
however, continued to enjoy the solid backing of the bulk of the politically
active elements in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, including the Knights Templar, the
Genoese and the Commune of Acre. On the other hand, the Teutonic Knights were
staunchly Imperial in their loyalties, and the Hospitallers tended to the Imperial
side. In addition, a significant minority of knights and burgesses,
concentrated in Tyre, remained loyal to the Holy Roman Emperor. Thus, the
kingdom was effectively split into two entities. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Recognizing that the use of force had failed
in the short-term, Frederick II put forward a ‘compromise’ proposal which
entailed a general amnesty for everyone who had (in his opinion) committed
treason — except the Ibelins. He also recognized the de-facto division of the
kingdom into two halves, proposing that henceforth the north of the kingdom
would be ruled from Tyre by his baillie Filangieri, while the south of the
kingdom with the intransigent Acre would be ruled by a new baillie who he again
appointed without the approval of the High Court. The proposal shows just how
little the Emperor understood the rebellion. The problem was not one of
personnel but principle. The opposition challenged his right to appoint <i>any</i>
baillie without the consent of the High Court and objected to his attempts to
disseize one of their number without a judgement of the High Court. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In April 1234 the pope became involved in seeking
a settlement between the Emperor and his rebellious subjects in the Holy Land. The
terms he proposed amounted to unconditional surrender by the rebels, recognition
of the Emperor’s right to appoint whoever he liked, dissolution of the Commune
of Acre, and no pardons for the Ibelins. The rebels shrugged and ignored the
offer, bringing down papal wrath, which included not only excommunication for the
Lord of Beirut and his supporters but interdict on the city Acre. By October,
the pope was frantically rescinding the interdict because so many Franks were
simply turning to the Orthodox churches. At last recognizing that one cannot
negotiate an agreement by listening only to one side, the pope asked the rebels
to send representatives to Rome to discuss terms. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The men sent to Rome appear to have been
intimidated and bullied into accepting disadvantageous terms because on their
return they were nearly lynched. New envoys were sent back to the pope,
arriving in April 1236. By now, despite the death of the Lord of Beirut (who
was still in full possession of his fiefs and wealthy enough dispense largess
with both hands on his deathbed), the pope’s relationship with Frederick II was
deteriorating again. Pope Gregory IX suddenly discovered that the rebels might have
some valid points after all. Thereafter, he made no further attempt to
intervene, and the stalemate continued.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In April 1243, the infant boy whose birth had killed
Queen Yolanda turned fifteen. In accordance with the laws of Jerusalem, Frederick
II’s regency ended. Yet Frederick continued to call himself ‘King of
Jerusalem,’ thereby usurping the rights of his own son. Nevertheless, Frederick
knew enough about the laws to send instructions to Acre and Tyre in Conrad’s
name. The barons weren’t fooled. They became even more inventive in finding transparently
self-serving legal arguments for non-compliance. The most important of these
was a fictious claim that when a monarch came of age while absent from the kingdom,
his/her closest relative <i>resident in the country</i> held the regency until
the monarch appeared in person to take the homage of vassals. By this ploy,
Conrad’s great-aunt Alice, the dowager queen of Cyprus, became regent. She demanded
the surrender of Tyre to her, and when (as expected) Filangieri refused, Balian
of Beirut (John d’Ibelin’s eldest son and heir) seized it by force. Filangieri
returned to Sicily where Frederick imprisoned him for his years of loyal
service and sent in his stead Thomas of Accera. The later did not dare set foot
in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and spent his entire tenure in Antioch instead. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A colorful contemporary account of the
conflict written by Philip de Novare, an opponent of the Emperor, has
disproportionately influenced modern understanding of the conflict, reducing it
to nothing more than a personal struggle between Frederick II and the Lord of Beirut.
This is unfortunate. While Beirut was a highly respected nobleman, he did not
enjoy the support of roughly four-fifths of the Cypriot nobility, more than
half of the Syrian nobility, the Templars, the Genoese and the Commune of Acre
because he was such a nice fellow. Rather, the Emperor’s arrogant, arbitrary
and unconstitutional attempt to disseize Beirut met with widespread outrage and
finally armed opposition because it was seen as a dangerous precedent; the
lords of Cyprus and Jerusalem recognized that if the Emperor got away with
disseizing a lord as powerful and well-connected as Beirut, than no one else
would be safe from arbitrary Imperial actions. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Stripped of personalities and rhetoric, the
underlying issue in this conflict between Emperor Frederick and the rebel
barons were incompatible views about the nature of monarchy in the Kingdom of
Jerusalem. Frederick II was a proponent of absolutism, who viewed himself as
Emperor and King by the Grace of God. He recognized no fetters on his rights to
rule ― neither laws nor constitutions, not institutions nor counsels, nor
indeed his own promises, as he reserved to himself the right to change his mind
about anything. The Kingdom of Jerusalem, on the other hand, was a feudal state
<i>par excellence. </i>Furthermore, by this point in time, the nobility of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem had already evolved sophisticated constitutional views and
legal procedures. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">First and foremost, the nobility of Outremer
held to the fundamental feudal concept that government was a contract between
the king and his subjects, a reciprocal agreement entailing obligations on both
sides. Yet Frederick consistently flaunted the laws and customs of the kingdom
and especially the High Court. He did so by not recognizing that his right to
the crown of Jerusalem derived from his wife and extinguished at her death,
passing then to his son. He did so by not recognizing the role of the High
Court in naming regents and baillies. He flaunted the High Court again by not
bringing his charges against Beirut before it, and likewise flaunted it by not
obtaining the advice and consent of the High Court for his treaty with al-Kamil.
What’s more, he did all this within less than four years of his coronation. By
the time he departed the Holy Land in May 1228, the Emperor had squandered all
credibility as a fair and honorable monarch by repeatedly breaking his word and
behaving like a despot.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The baronial faction countered by becoming
ever more inventive in discovering ‘laws’ and customs that undermined
Hohenstaufen rule. If the barons and their legal scholars were by the end so nimble
and creative as to verge on ‘a cynical manipulation of law and custom,’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
this was because from 1232 onwards the baronial opposition was desperately
trying to keep a <b><i>proven </i></b>tyrant from gaining greater control of
the kingdom. That does not negate the fundamental belief in the rule-of-law as
opposed to the rule-by-imperial whim that lay at the core of the baronial opposition
to Frederick. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">As a tragic footnote to this conflict, on his
deathbed in December 1250, Frederick II bequeathed Italy, Germany, and Sicily
to his son Conrad, his son by Yolanda, but suggested that Conrad give the
Kingdom of Jerusalem <i>to his half-brother Henry, </i>the son of his third
wife, Isabella of England. This proves that Frederick utterly failed to
recognize or accept that the crown of Jerusalem was <b><i>not</i></b> his to
give away. Because it derived from his wife it could only pass to <b><i>her</i></b>
heirs ― not to whomsoever Frederick pleased and furthermore <i>only with the
consent of the High Court</i>. This attempt to give Jerusalem away to someone
with no right to it is like a final insult to the bride Frederick neglected and
allegedly abused. It also demonstrates that to his last breath he remained
either ignorant of or indifferent to the constitution of the Kingdom of
Jerusalem.</span></p><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Novare, Philip. <i>The Wars of Frederick II against the Iblins in Syria and
Cyprus </i>translated by John La Monte. [New York: Columbia University Press,
1936] xxvii, 79.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Jotischky, Andrew. Crusading and the Crusader States. [Harlow: Pearson Longman,
2004] 101.</span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p><p></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-73928633917098937762022-09-12T02:30:00.000-07:002022-09-12T02:30:00.188-07:00The Sixth Crusade<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span><b><span>Frederick
II’s singular failure to show up for the Fifth Crusade, despite
ceremoniously taking
crusader vows in both 1215 and 1220, did not go unnoticed across
Christendom; he
was widely blamed for the failure of the Fifth Crusade. In response, he
vowed a new crusade and underscored his commitment to the Holy Land by
marrying the heiress of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Queen Yolanda.</span></b></span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></b></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNtaO7kfbYXto5jxPN1M6bOBRvOnUq1XPH1D03XKTjLbF3Bf7EjNZ8liKOVxepx86UfC4aAv8ZQy_4FJ0IJwz8i5ONMXb1mHLWq5yBcqKPmMPk9Y3rNI10hkWeKnVqHxbC0aJNKZ9r6PK7LJ9mjlXqDAtNwivqiLb_p4aLeAeoe1R0d_j_ipVcMhaM0w/s500/Frederick%20II%20marries%20Yolanda%20of%20Jerusalem.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="500" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNtaO7kfbYXto5jxPN1M6bOBRvOnUq1XPH1D03XKTjLbF3Bf7EjNZ8liKOVxepx86UfC4aAv8ZQy_4FJ0IJwz8i5ONMXb1mHLWq5yBcqKPmMPk9Y3rNI10hkWeKnVqHxbC0aJNKZ9r6PK7LJ9mjlXqDAtNwivqiLb_p4aLeAeoe1R0d_j_ipVcMhaM0w/s320/Frederick%20II%20marries%20Yolanda%20of%20Jerusalem.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Although the terms of the treaty
explicitly recognized Yolanda’s father as King of Jerusalem until his death, it
was widely believed that this marriage would motivate the Emperor to undertake
a crusade to Jerusalem since any child born of Frederick’s marriage to Yolanda
would inherit the crown of Jerusalem. In short, the expansion of the kingdom
was now in Frederick’s dynastic self-interest. Frederick solemnly promised to
lead a new crusade no later than August 1227, accepting the Pope’s explicit
warning that failure to meet this deadline would result in excommunication.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In
November 1225, Frederick’s marriage to the thirteen-years-old Yolanda of
Jerusalem was celebrated by proxy in Acre followed by Yolanda’s coronation as
Queen of Jerusalem in Tyre. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yolanda then
sailed to Brindisi to marry Frederick in person. No sooner was the marriage celebrated,
than Frederick titled himself ‘King of Jerusalem’ and demanded homage from the
barons of Jerusalem who had travelled with his bride to Sicily. This action was
a clear violation of the terms of his marriage settlement with John of Brienne,
and Brienne immediately protested to the pope. The latter sympathized and gave the
deposed king appointments and income, but initially shied away from taking
action against Frederick; the latter’s promised crusade was more important to
him than in Brienne’s crown. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Frederick
duly gathered his forces in Apulia in the summer of 1227, only for an epidemic to
strike down thousands of men before they could depart. Frederick put to sea despite
being ill in order to avoid excommunication. After the Landgraf of Thuringia died
at sea, however, Friedrich lost heart and returned to Brindisi. Pope Gregory
IX promptly excommunicated him. Under the circumstances, the excommunication
was hardly justified, and in retrospect represented the opening volley in a
power-struggle between the papacy and the Hohenstaufens that would last for
decades. At the heart of the conflict were conflicting views of the role of
sacred and secular authority, a topic beyond the scope of this work. However, as
a result of the excommunication Frederick’s planned expedition to the Holy Land
lost papal blessing and could no longer be called a ‘crusade.’ Indeed, it was explicitly
characterized as an ‘anti-crusade’ by the papacy. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To
make matters worse, in April 1228 fifteen-year-old Queen Yolanda of Jerusalem
died of the complications of childbirth. She left an infant son, Conrad, as
heir to the throne of Jerusalem. With Yolanda’s death, Friedrich II lost the right
to call himself King of Jerusalem; that title now belonged to his infant son
Conrad. The most Frederick could claim was the regency for his son (as John of
Brienne had done for Yolanda) until the boy came of age at 15.
Characteristically, Frederick ignored the law of Jerusalem and insisted on
calling himself ‘King of Jerusalem’ until the day he died.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Frederick
also proceeded with his crusade. His reasoning appears to be that if he
succeeded in liberating Jerusalem, this would vindicate his earlier delays and prove
that God was on his side in his conflict with the pope. Friedrich had good
reason to believe he <i>would</i> liberate Jerusalem because he had already
been promised Jerusalem by al-Kamil. The Sultan of Egypt had fallen out with
his brother al-Mu’azzam and was looking for allies. He offered to deliver
Jerusalem (his brother’s city) to the Emperor in exchange for the Emperor
helping him take it away from his brother in the first place. It was rather
like the King of France promising to give the Holy Roman Emperor London — just
as soon as the later had captured it for him. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
ironies of the deal appear to have been lost on Frederick Hohenstaufen — and
many modern commentators! Expecting a rapid diplomatic end to his ‘crusade,’
Frederick took a comparatively small number of fighting men with him, all of
whom were drawn exclusively from his own domains since no one else was prepared
to join an ‘anti-crusade’ led by an excommunicate. After a stop in Cyprus which
will be discussed later, he proceeded to Acre arriving in 10 September 1228. Shortly
after his arrival, Friedrich learned that the pope had raised an army to invade
the Kingdom of Sicily with the declared intent of deposing him. One of the
men leading the pope’s forces was the man Frederick had so callously humiliated:
his father-in-law, King John of Jerusalem. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
threat to his core kingdom made a rapid conclusion of his Near Eastern expedition
imperative. Frederick immediately opened up secret negotiations with al-Kamil,
reminding him of earlier promises. However, al-Mu’azzam had died, and al-Kamil
no longer felt he needed the assistance of a Christian ruler to subdue his
nephew. Frederick was reduced to begging al-Kamil for Jerusalem on almost any
terms at all. Finally, on 18 February 1229, after five months of secret
negotiations, a personal treaty was signed between Frederick and al-Kamil,
which, significantly, did not include commitments by any of the other Ayyubids.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Biographers and admirers of Frederick
Hohenstaufen are apt to call Friedrich’s preference for diplomacy over warfare ‘enlightened’
or attribute his ‘astonishing success’ to greater ‘subtlety’ and even ‘genius’.
It has been claimed, for example, that the treaty demonstrated Frederick’s ‘willingness
to compromise and his diplomatic skills.’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
The fact that diplomacy had been employed by the Franks for more than a hundred
years before Frederick’s arrival — and indeed by Richard the Lionheart — is ignored.
Furthermore, the fact that Friedrich was vehemently criticized by the Patriarch
of Jerusalem, the Templars, the Hospitallers and the local barons as well as
the population at large is attributed blithely to the alleged bigotry of the
church and ‘blood-thirsty’ character of the Franks in Outremer. Such
allegations reflect ignorance of the Holy Land, the Franks, the circumstances
of the treaty, and substance of the objections to Frederick’s treaty. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Praise for Frederick’s treaty is almost entirely
misplaced given the fact that he did <i>not</i> secure Jerusalem. What Frederick
II obtained was <i>temporary</i> Christian control (ten years, ten months and
ten days) of <i>some</i> of Jerusalem and a couple other cities, such as
Bethlehem. The treaty explicitly prohibited Christians from setting foot on the
Temple Mount and prohibited the Franks from building walls around Jerusalem. Rather
than defensible borders, the Christians were granted a narrow corridor connecting
Jerusalem to Jaffa. This could so easily be severed that it represented a
vulnerability rather than an asset. The truce furthermore left the Saracens in
control of key strategic castles such as Kerak and Montreal, while prohibiting
the Franks from undertaking military campaigns elsewhere. The truce left
Jerusalem so exposed that not one religious institution thought it was
worthwhile returning their headquarters there. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Furthermore, the superficial success of
Frederick bloodless crusade obscures the fact the constitution of Jerusalem reserved
to the High Court the right to make treaties. Frederick II Hohenstaufen
blissfully ignored this constitutional nicety. He negotiated in secret and
presented the barons of Jerusalem with a <i>fait accompli</i>. This, as much as
the seriously flawed terms of the treaty, outraged the local nobility. The Arab
sources, meanwhile, stress that al-Kamil openly bragged that ‘when he had
achieved his aim and had the situation in hand, he could purify Jerusalem of
the Franks and chase them out.’<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The terms of the truce reveal the degree to
which Friedrich’s entire ‘crusade’ was about his power struggle with the Pope
rather than Jerusalem or the Holy Land. While leaving the residents of Outremer
to deal with the consequences of his worthless truce, he made a great show of
wearing the Imperial crown in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. This was his way
of thumbing his nose at the Pope, but it was also ‘an affront to the laws and
traditions of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, a blatantly illegal action bordering on
sacrilege. It is no wonder, then, that the Christians in the East saw the crusade
of Frederick II as a war aimed not at Muslims but at themselves.’<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Having had his day in Jerusalem (and
ostentatiously telling the Muslims they should continue their call to prayers
even in his presence), Frederick departed the Holy Land never to return. Neither
his son nor his grandson, despite being titular kings of Jerusalem, ever set
foot in the kingdom. It was left to other kings, such as Louis IX, to try to
reclaim Christian control of the Holy City and secure the Holy Land. Meanwhile,
the common people of Acre expressed their opinion of Frederick’s ‘anti-crusade’
by pelting him with offal and intestines from their rooftops and balconies as
he made his way down to the harbor to embark on his return voyage. Yet by far
the worst aspect of Frederick II’s anti-crusade was the legacy it left behind: civil
war.</span></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Suhr, Heiko. <i>Friedrich II von Hohenstaufen: Seine
politischen und kulturellen Verbindungen zum Islam</i>. </span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[Norderstedt:
GRIN Verlag, 2008] 17.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><i><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></b></span></span></i></a><i><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="DE" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></i><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ibn Wasil<i>, Arab Historians of
the Crusades. Translated by Francesco Gabrieli </i>[Los Angeles: University of
California Press, 1957] 271) </span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin Condensed;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Madden, Thomas F. The Concise History of the Crusades. [New York: Rowman and
Littlefield, 2014] 155.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-54156403516339848742022-09-05T02:30:00.001-07:002022-09-05T02:30:00.181-07:00The Fifth Crusade<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>While the Franks regained their footing in the Holy Land, the<span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> crusading spirit experienced a revival in Western Europe. In 1212, a youth
movement to capture Jerusalem by faith alone shamed the pope into issuing a new
crusading appeal in 1213. The youthful King of Sicily and Germany, Frederick II
Hohenstaufen, stepped into his grandfather and father’s crusading footsteps,
taking the cross at his coronation in Aachen on 25 July 1215. Other kings were
also recruited, namely the kings of Hungary, Cyprus, and Jerusalem, but Pope
Innocent III was determined to retain control of this crusade, which he
considered only one strand of a vast and permanent crusading movement. </span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdED6V4DV38QsUIm8s7P7pyuFXfFunWnVV6H6iOZFe9Cn2UUiPWDcnh9Dbf7L9aU-7Dqz2_Y2kqcfcYJ0pDyBmD6ieAMa3pBobVYiKT1V8F4gY6SFKPz_SaI-8pw66d_CIlYv-bgsOgMaHdTwUHUkbNFhaOzcXFTVPAM8CYk2ljBKgSx-vju5gYd8waw/s275/Inocent%20III.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdED6V4DV38QsUIm8s7P7pyuFXfFunWnVV6H6iOZFe9Cn2UUiPWDcnh9Dbf7L9aU-7Dqz2_Y2kqcfcYJ0pDyBmD6ieAMa3pBobVYiKT1V8F4gY6SFKPz_SaI-8pw66d_CIlYv-bgsOgMaHdTwUHUkbNFhaOzcXFTVPAM8CYk2ljBKgSx-vju5gYd8waw/s1600/Inocent%20III.jpg" width="275" /></a></span></div><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span><br /><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pope Innocent
III envisaged crusading as a permanent state of warfare against the enemies of the
Church, wherever they were and whatever form they took (Moors, pagans, Saracens
or heretics). Despite Innocent’s death in 1216, this crusading vision was adopted
and pursued by his successor Honorius III, who appointed a papal legate,
Cardinal Pelagius, to represent him in the Fifth Crusade. Because the cardinal embodied
papal authority in a campaign without a dominant secular leader — and because
he had the largest purse — Pelagius wielded undue influence. This experiment
with church leadership of a crusade proved utterly disastrous.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
first contingents of crusaders started arriving in Acre in late 1216 and helped
push back the borders of the Frankish kingdom marginally before sailing in late
May 1217 to lay siege to the Egyptian port of Damietta. The strategy, devised
apparently collectively, was to strike a decisive blow against the Ayyubids in
their power-base of Egypt in order to force them to surrender not just bits and
pieces of territory but everything that had once been part of the Kingdom of
Jerusalem. The strategy assumed that an attack on Cairo would threaten the
Ayyubids to such an extent that they would concede Jerusalem. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
siege of Damietta lasted nearly two years and was characterized by a lack of unified
command as contingents of crusaders came and went independently. In the midst
of the siege, August 1218, the Sultan al-Adil died, and his empire broke up. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two major pieces went to his son al-Kamil,
who inherited Egypt, and his son al-Mu’azzam, who inherited Syria, with smaller
fragments on the fringes going to other heirs. Shortly after the crusaders captured
Damietta in December 1219, al-Kamil persuaded his brother al-Mu’azzam to attack
the crusader states in order to divert attention from Egypt. The tactic worked only
partially. With King John and most of his knights in Egypt, the Saracens were
able to strike deep into the heart of the kingdom, overrunning and laying waste
to Caesarea. King John and the knights of Jerusalem rushed back to their
homeland to restore the situation. This, however, did not seriously alter the
situation in Egypt, since the vast majority of the crusaders remained in position
and retained possession of Damietta.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Al-Kamil
tried a new tactic: diplomacy. He offered to restore all territories that had
formerly belonged to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, with the exception of the
castles of Transjordan, in exchange for the crusaders evacuating Egypt. All
sources agree that King John and the barons of Jerusalem were wholeheartedly in
favor of accepting these terms. For them, this was what the crusade was about.
The Military Orders, however, objected to the fact that the castles in
Transjordan were not included. The crusaders from the Italian city-states opposed
the treaty because they considered Egypt a far more lucrative trading base than
inland Palestine. The German crusaders appear to have been reluctant to abort a
crusade that their Emperor had vowed to join, even if he was still notably
absent. The Papal Legate appears to have seen the offer as a sign of weakness
that justified pursuing the crusade with more vigor. For whatever reasons, the
majority rejected the offer, and the crusade continued, meaning the crusaders remained
in occupation of Damietta awaiting the arrival of Emperor Frederick II.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He
never came. He had excuses. Other items on his agenda, such as subduing a Muslim
rebellion in Sicily, took priority. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In
July 1221, after rejecting a second offer from al-Kamil with roughly the same
terms as before, the crusaders marched out with the goal of capturing Cairo.
Instead, the Nile flooded and the Saracen army used its better knowledge of the
terrain to cut the crusaders off from their supplies and retreat. It was a
complete debacle in which Damietta was returned to the Sultan not for Jerusalem
but merely for the lives and freedom of thousands of captives. The survivors
went home with their tails between their legs. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In
retrospect, the truce offered by al-Kamil looks good, yet it was probably
always a mirage. Al-Kamil was giving away his brother’s (not his own) territory
and it is doubtful if he could have delivered on his promises. Even if al-Mu’azzam
had cooperated, and the fact that he destroyed Jerusalem’s fortifications
suggests he intended to, the agreement would have been temporary because from
the Muslim perspective the maximum validity of any truce signed with
non-Believers was ten years, ten months and ten days. The fact that al-Kamil
did not fully comply with the terms of the agreement he <i>did</i> sign,
likewise suggests that the grandiose offer of restoring the Kingdom of
Jerusalem to its former borders was a red-herring designed to sow dissent among
the crusaders. Considering the outcome of the advance up the Nile, on the other
hand, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the crusaders might have done
better to call the Sultan’s bluff.</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr.
Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land
in the Era of the Crusades. </span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></b></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Balian-dIbelin-Knight-Jerusalem-Trilogy-ebook/dp/B08D2C1737/"> Buy Now!<span> </span></a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/"> </a></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Helena-P-Schrader-ebook/dp/B011X3OOKE/">Buy Now!</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Envoy-Jerusalem-dIbelin-Crusade-Trilogy/dp/1735313904/">Buy Now!</a></div></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Rebels-against-Tyranny-Jerusalem-Outremer-ebook/dp/B08QTZH312/"> Buy Now! </a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Crusader-Kingdom-Dynasty-Twelfth-Century-ebook/dp/B0753JXQLC/">Buy Now!</a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-Strikes-Back-Frederick-Outremer/dp/0989159760/">Buy Now!</a></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-28525496488260781142022-08-29T02:30:00.001-07:002022-08-29T02:30:00.179-07:00Resurgent Frankish Presence in the Levant, 1192-1244<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;">With
the wisdom of hindsight, the “second kingdom” of Jerusalem is usually portrayed
as fragile, vulnerable and continuously tottering on the brink of collapse. This
is a misleading exaggeration that reduces a century of history to a single
snapshot taken at the end of that hundred years. In the half century between the
departure of the Third Crusade and the catastrophic defeat of the Frankish army
at La Forbie in 1244, the re-constituted kingdom experienced a period of
comparative prosperity, peace, and territorial expansion. </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"> </span> <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS5O3heMjmXhXhX2KOtNiZ4kJJMiVYT9oAqEhmxA5xrOftZUbucFb581G-C3Tr1F22eW7fB4V8Fm28yvy8as6bnG6n_sx2Zg2ny0cv3HqExWCaYlMz4sqvZz5FmXLI62XpT8xzmkhPhNa9oL4HaIqjMDAuBaXj4kNxlvibOyFL2K0zIMSahYvxWFQ4Qg/s750/Beirut%20-%20Ansicht%20des%20Hafens%20von%20Beirut.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="750" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS5O3heMjmXhXhX2KOtNiZ4kJJMiVYT9oAqEhmxA5xrOftZUbucFb581G-C3Tr1F22eW7fB4V8Fm28yvy8as6bnG6n_sx2Zg2ny0cv3HqExWCaYlMz4sqvZz5FmXLI62XpT8xzmkhPhNa9oL4HaIqjMDAuBaXj4kNxlvibOyFL2K0zIMSahYvxWFQ4Qg/s320/Beirut%20-%20Ansicht%20des%20Hafens%20von%20Beirut.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri Light",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span style="font-family: Cabin;">Without
question the most important event enabling this remarkable recovery was the
death of Saladin in 1193. His death led to the fragmentation of his empire into
bickering principalities based in Cairo, Damascus, Aleppo, al-Jazira, Hama,
Homs, Ba’albek and the Transjordan. Each of these mini-states was ruled by a
different member of the Ayyubid dynasty. Rivalry among the various rulers for
dominance over the entire empire was perennial. Although punctuated by periods
of comparative calm when one or another of the various princes temporarily came
out on top, the competition between the various Ayyubids for dominance
frequently sparked open warfare.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Probably
to bolster his position vis-à-vis his relatives and rivals, Saladin’s brother
al-Adil turned on the crusader states in 1197, attacking Acre in September
1197. Although source material for this campaign is very limited, one contemporary
source claims he mustered an army 70,000 strong. Al-Adil was decisively
defeated in a day-long battle fought on the plain before Acre by a combined
force of Franks and German crusaders.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The
Germans had come to the Holy Land as part of a crusade organized by the Holy
Roman Emperor Henry VI, who had taken the cross in 1195. Historians estimate
that the numbers of crusaders involved in this crusade equaled or exceeded participation
in the Third Crusade, and the leaders included some of the most powerful nobles
of the Holy Roman Empire. Contingents started to arrive in the Holy Land in the
spring of 1197, and the main force sailed into Acre harbor on 22 September 1197,
albeit without the Emperor himself. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Trouble
began almost at once. The Germans crusaders behaved so arrogantly toward the
local population that tensions erupted. The German leadership wisely intervened
and removed their troops from the city to camp outside. Meanwhile, having
failed to seize Acre, al-Adil turned his attention on Jaffa. Henri of Champagne
swiftly tried to collect a force to relieve the beleaguered city only to be killed
in a bizarre accident. He either accidentally stepped backwards out of a window
or the entire balcony collapsed under him. Either way, this sudden tragedy put an
end to the relief efforts and Jaffa fell to al-Adil. The barons of Jerusalem were
compelled to find a new husband for their widowed queen, who could command the
armies of the kingdom. Their choice fell on the man who had transformed Cyprus
from a hotbed of rebellion into a stable monarchy under Frankish rule: Aimery
de Lusignan. In January 1198, Aimery married Queen Isabella and was crowned King
of Jerusalem.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Even
before his coronation, however, Lusignan brought Cypriot troops to the mainland
and took command of the forces of Jerusalem in order to conduct an offensive
campaign in cooperation with the German crusaders. Rather than attempting to
confront al-Adil at Jaffa, Aimery led the army north against the poorly
garrisoned cities of Sidon, Beirut, Gibelet and Botron, thereby eliminating the
Muslim-controlled enclaves that had separated the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the
County of Tripoli. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The
Germans next laid siege to Toron, but before they achieved their objective, word
reached the Holy Land that Emperor Henry VI had died, living behind a
three-year-old son. This news led to the disintegration of the German crusade
as the leading nobles hurried home to deal with the inevitable power struggles
that would ensue. It was left to the King of Jerusalem to negotiate a truce with
al-Adil, which was signed 1 July 1198.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">By
1200, al-Adil had successfully established his dominance over his brother’s
empire, completely sidelining all of his brother’s seventeen sons. Thereafter,
he demonstrated a distinct disinclination to tangle with the Franks. This
policy of caution vis-à-vis the crusader states proved a trademark of the
entire Ayyubid era (1193-1260). On the one hand it reflected the lesson learned
during the Third Crusade, namely: no matter how complete a victory appeared,
there were limitless numbers of fanatical Christians willing to come East to reverse
it. According to a leading historian of the Ayyubids, ‘the Ayyubids were
willing to go to extraordinary lengths in making treaties and conceding
territory in order to avoid provoking the arrival of fresh waves of crusaders.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span>
</p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">On
the other hand, the Ayyubids had an economic interest in peace. The rulers of
Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia profited immensely from the export of goods
through the ports of the Levant to Western Europe. To foster this profitable
trade, the Ayyubids were willing to grant Western, predominantly Italian,
merchants trading privileges inside their own territories. Yet they also
recognized that many more foreign merchants preferred to operate from the Christian-controlled
cities along the coast and therefore had no interest in eliminating these
important transshipment points. Nothing was more important to the maintenance
of that trade than peace. Thus, for the sake of revenues that supported their
lifestyle — and their wars with their brothers, cousins and other Muslim rulers
— the Ayyubid princes were willing to come to terms with the Franks. In
consequence, throughout the Ayyubid period relations with the Frankish kingdoms
were characterized by truces, alliances and counter-alliances. When
circumstances favored it, these tactical alliances included active cooperation
between Franks and Saracens. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Such
policies inevitably drew the censure of the Muslim religious elites who
dominated the literate class recording history. It is through their lens that
we are shown the princes of Islam abandoning <i>jihad</i> in order to pursue
pleasures and sport. Yet trade benefitted the economy at large, not just the
princes, and so did peace. It would be wrong, therefore, to infer widespread
discontent with Ayyubid policies, despite the disapproval of Islamic clerical
chroniclers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The
Ayyubid’s counterparts in the crusader states were likewise more detached from
crusading ideology than ever before. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During
the thirteenth century, the popes greatly expanded the concept of crusading to
include wars against heretics (Albigensians), pagans (the Baltic crusades), and
political rivals (the ‘crusades’ against the Hohenstaufens). In addition, the
papacy increasingly stressed the penitential nature of crusading, thereby de-emphasizing
the importance of concrete results. The Franks of Outremer, in contrast, were focused
on survival and prosperity. For the inhabitants of the crusader kingdoms, recovery
of lost territory, including Jerusalem, remained a priority less for emotional
and religious reasons than for the material benefits they brought. Regaining
control of the fertile agricultural hinterland behind the coastal cities was
important to economic autonomy, while re-establishing more defensible, forward
borders such as the Jordan and the Dead Sea contributed significantly to
security. The Franks wanted results, but the Western crusaders, it became
clear, were more interested in their own souls (and benefits) than in the Holy
Land.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">In
1204, forces initially raised for a campaign to regain Jerusalem were diverted
by Venice to attack commercial rivals. After a complicated series of events, the
former crusaders (now Venetian mercenaries) seized Constantinople. While the
sack that followed outraged contemporaries from Rome to Mosul, it resulted in
the establishment of a Latin ‘Empire’ on the Greek peninsula and straddling the
Bosporus and stretching along the northern shore of the Mediterranean. It was
flanked by territory still held by Greek Orthodox forces in western Greece and
what is now Anatolia.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The
impact of this new Frankish entity on the existing crusader states is
controversial to this day. Many argue that the existence of a Latin Empire
based in Constantinople diverted Western resources that might otherwise have
flowed to the older crusader states, but such ‘lost opportunities’ are hard to
quantify. Ultimately, the losses may not have been significant simply because the
different states attracted different kinds of men. Even during the original
campaign, as much as one third of the crusaders refused to be diverted to
Constantinople and continued to the Holy Land. Here they joined an army under
King Aimery that raided into the Galilee, prompting al-Adil to conclude a new
six-year truce on terms highly favorable to the Franks. If the Fourth Crusade
had gone ahead as planned, on the other hand, these knights would have been
engaged in an assault on Egypt with far more dubious benefits for the existing
crusader states. Furthermore, the establishment of the Latin Empire of
Constantinople gave the Franks near complete mastery of the Eastern
Mediterranean, including the creation of a comparatively stable Frankish state
in the Peloponnese. Last but not least, a surge in new mercantile activity on
the part of the Italian city-states followed the conquest of Constantinople. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile,
Christian Armenia was also gaining in strength. The Armenian leaders agreed to
a (more nominal than substantive) reconciliation with the Church in Rome, and
thereby facilitated closer ties with the crusader states. Inter-marriage with
the Princes of Antioch led to dynastic conflict, but throughout this period Christian-controlled
territory extended from what is now Alanya on the Turkish Mediterranean coast to
Antioch, and then again down the coast of the Levant to Jaffa.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">However,
bad luck continued to plague the Kingdom of Jerusalem with respect to its
dynasty. In late March 1205, Aimery de Lusignan died of food-poisoning after a
meal of bad fish. He was followed within weeks by Queen Isabella. The Kingdom
of Cyprus passed to Aimery’s six-year-old son Hugh, while the Kingdom of
Jerusalem was inherited by Isabella’s oldest surviving child, Marie, her
daughter by Conrad de Montferrat, then aged twelve or thirteen. For both children,
regents were required. In Cyprus the High Court elected the husband of Hugh’s
elder sister Burgundia, Walter de Montbéliard. In Jerusalem, the High Court
chose Isabella’s maternal half-brother, John d’Ibelin, Lord of Beirut.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">While
upholding and renewing truces with the Ayyubids to ensure stability, Beirut’s
principal task was finding a suitable husband for Queen Marie, who would
replace him at the helm of the kingdom. As so often in the past, the High Court
turned to the King of France, requesting a suitable candidate. John de Brienne,
a minor nobleman from the Champagne, was selected in 1208, but before coming
east he sought to raise funds and troops to enable a military offensive upon
his arrival. Thus, Brienne did not reach the Holy Land until 1210. Here he immediately
married Marie de Montferrat and was crowned king alongside her in Tyre. He was
accompanied by just 300 knights, a force insufficient to alter the balance of
power in the Holy Land. Despite raids in Galilee and up the Nile, he enjoyed no
significant military successes. So, like his predecessors, he sought yet another
six-year truce with the Ayyubids. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">In
November 1212 misfortune struck again: Marie de Montferrat died giving birth to
a daughter. She was just twenty years old, and her infant daughter Yolanda (also
referred to as Isabella II) became Queen of Jerusalem at birth. Brienne was
recognized as his infant daughter’s regent and, because he was already crowned
and anointed, retained the title of king.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"> </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Humphreys, R. Stephen. ‘Ayyubids, Mamluks and the Latin East in the Thirteenth
Century’, <i>Mamluk Studies Review 2</i>, 10. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-71403519571276690622022-08-22T02:30:00.005-07:002022-08-22T02:30:00.179-07:00The Establishment of the Kingdom of Cyprus<div><p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Kingdom of Jerusalem had survived -- just barely -- it is
hard to imagine this fragile kingdom, stretching along the coast from Jaffa to
Tyre, surviving for long, if Richard the Lionheart had not
left another legacy: Frankish control of the island of Cyprus. This formerly
Byzantine island had suffered the first Muslim attacks in 649 and in the
succeeding centuries been fought over and exploited by both Constantinople and
Cairo until firm Byzantine control was re-established in 965. How Cyprus came into crusader hands is the subject of this post.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEYtyvZLa_9-WgO2lftY-G2fQ59IwaLa6vF48A2AJFfpTQkOdd6PNghd7mGFONZopkj7Tb5E7RG71O28RPa-LqrqodNRDI4qEP7Bd6ERtcgwPI-AIDQ0QBxA8gywQWXAC7cPC_0FFOdHLd9lRVyZdyehBGeWOAaTmQkUf6py_EUHb7hKMtlAfGvtFarA/s3888/Kantara%2022.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="3888" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEYtyvZLa_9-WgO2lftY-G2fQ59IwaLa6vF48A2AJFfpTQkOdd6PNghd7mGFONZopkj7Tb5E7RG71O28RPa-LqrqodNRDI4qEP7Bd6ERtcgwPI-AIDQ0QBxA8gywQWXAC7cPC_0FFOdHLd9lRVyZdyehBGeWOAaTmQkUf6py_EUHb7hKMtlAfGvtFarA/w320-h213/Kantara%2022.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">In 1185, a
renegade from the Comnenus family arrived in Cyprus claiming to have been
appointed governor. A year later, after the fall of the Comnenus dynasty, he
proclaimed himself the ‘true’ Emperor and began a reign of terror. Contemporary
Byzantine chroniclers claim that ‘he defiled himself by committing
unjustifiable murders…[and] inflicting, like some instrument of disaster,
penalties and punishments that led to death. The hideous and accursed lecher
illicitly defiled marriage beds and despoiled virgins.’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
While we can assume that much of this is polemical exaggeration, the fact
remains that Isaac’s rule was viewed in Constantinople and by his subjects as
illegal and tyrannical. The bulk of the aristocratic elites abandoned the island
for the safety of Constantinople, leaving behind a cowed but discontented urban
middle class and rural population. </span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Isaac was also
known for preying on Frankish shipping, so it was not surprising that when three
of Richard the Lionheart’s ships washed up on Cyprus in distress that the crews
were captured and the cargoes seized. A fourth ship sought refuge in Limassol
harbor having suffered severe storm damage. Aboard that vessel were Richard’s sister
Joanna, the widowed Queen of Sicily, and his bride-to-be Berengaria of Navarre.
Fearing what would happen if they went ashore, the royal women refused Isaac’s
invitations to disembark.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">On<b><span style="color: black;">
</span></b><span style="color: black;">5 May 1191 Richard sailed into Limassol harbor searching for his lost ships, only
to find his bride-to-be and sister aboard an unseaworthy vessel running out of
water, but afraid of being held for ransom or worse if they went ashore. Richard
sent an envoy to Isaac Comnenus requesting that his men be set free,
compensation be paid for the property seized from his wrecks, and seeking permission
to come ashore for water and provisions. According to all contemporary
accounts, Isaac Comnenus returned an extremely rude reply.</span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Richard responded as could only be expected of the proud
Plantagenet: he attacked. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><br />
The
exact sequence of events varies according to which chronicle one follows, but
there is no disagreement on the results: Richard seized control of Limassol
without notable casualties. I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">saac Comnenus’ army, however, was
still largely intact. Richard had to eliminate this latent threat, so he
off-loaded some of his warhorses, exercised them through the night to restore
their land-legs, and then attacked Isaac Comnenus’ army at dawn the next day.
Richard’s early morning attack caused panic among the despot’s troops. While Isaac
took flight, Richard’s men overran the enemy camp, capturing huge quantities of
booty — again without casualties. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Richard returned to triumphant to Limassol.
On 12 May he married Berengaria and had her crowned Queen of England. Still in
a hurry to get to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, however, he granted comparatively
mild terms for Isaac’s surrender. Isaac agreed to reparations for Richard’s
ships and treasure, and promised to accompany him on crusade with a force of 1,000
men. In his absence, the strategic castles on the island were to be held by men
appointed by Richard.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">While these terms were undoubtedly
humiliating for a self-styled emperor, they were a far cry from ‘unconditional
surrender.’ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Had Isaac complied with the
terms of the agreement, the last crusader kingdom might never have come into
being. Isaac, however, was not interested in the crusade and assumed that Richard
was in too great a hurry to get to Acre to come after him. He fled during
the night. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Perhaps encouraged by </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">the fact that local noblemen, dignitaries and the Italian merchant
communities were already doing homage to him, Richard chose to grasp the huge
opportunity offered by Isaac’s betrayal and seize control of the entire island.
This decision to take Cyprus was not a ‘diversion’ from crusading much less an
act of greed. Rather, the conquest of Cyprus was Richard’s greatest contribution
to the crusader cause. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">To obtain his goal, Richard divided his army into three parts, and
while a small group pursued Isaac over land, the bulk of his army re-embarked
on the fleet. This split in two and, moving in opposite directions,
systematically secured the surrender of coastal cities and castles. Due to
Isaac’s unpopularity, this was achieved bloodlessly. At Famagusta Richard
disembarked his troops and advanced on the capital Nicosia. Expecting an
ambush, Richard personally commanded the rear-guard of his army. Isaac obliged
and Richard handily defeated him a third time. Isaac again escaped, this time to
the nearly impregnable mountain fortress of Buffavento.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Perched on the top of a steep, rocky corniche so narrow that it
was not possible to build courtyards or wide halls, the castle could be held as
long as supplied lasted by a very small garrison. Isaac assumed Richard would
not waste time with a siege, but rather continue to Acre, leaving him to
re-take his island at leisure. Unfortunately for Isaac, Richard’s fleet had not
already taken the castle of Kyrenia and with it Isaac’s only child, a daughter.
Fortunately for the crusader cause, Isaac’s love for her was so great that he abjectly
surrendered on 1 June. In less than a month and with the loss of only two men,
Richard the Lionheart had taken complete control of the rich and strategically
important island of Cyprus. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Cyprus is an island encompassing nearly 10,000 square kilometers
of mostly fertile land including extensive forests. It has ample water
resources, significant mineral deposits, notably copper, and a mild
Mediterranean climate. The port of Famagusta is only 198 kilometers from Beirut
and 295 kilometers from Acre. Furthermore, Cyprus was capable of
producing grain, sugar, olives, wine and citrus fruits in abundance. Its
location made it an ideal staging platform for future crusades and a strong
base for ships to interdict any Saracen warships intent on preying on the coast
of the Levant. Cyprus was thus both a breadbasket and a military base for the
existing crusader states. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">That Richard’s goal in capturing Cyprus was purely strategic (not
dynastic) is demonstrated by the fact that he almost immediately sold the
island to the Knights Templar for 100,000 pieces of gold. Templar rule on
Cyprus, however, was one of the most ignominious episodes in the history of the
Order. Fully engaged in the Third Crusade, the Templars sent only 14 knights
supported by less than a hundred other men. They were evidently not the best
men. Within six months they had provoked riots. On 5 April 1192, a violent mob
forced the Templars to take refuge inside their commandery in Nicosia. Greatly
outnumbered, the Templars offered to surrender the entire island in exchange
for a safe-conduct to the coast. The Greek rebels refused.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The French Continuation of William of Tyre tells happened next. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">When
… their commander and the brothers realized that the Greeks would have no
mercy, they commended themselves to God and were confessed and absolved. Then
they armed themselves and went out against the Greeks and fought them. God by
His providence gave the victory to the Templars, and many Greeks were killed or
taken. [The Templars] immediately came to Acre and explained what had happened
to the master and convent. They took counsel among themselves and agreed that
they could no longer hold the island as their property, but…would return it to
King Richard in exchange for the security that they had given him.</span></i><a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></i></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The Templar surrender of Cyprus coincided almost exactly with the
High Court’s election of Conrad de Montferrat as King of Jerusalem. King
Richard cleverly offered to sell Cyprus to the deposed King of Jerusalem, Guy
de Lusignan. Lusignan accepted the ‘consolation prize’, although it is doubtful
he sailed for Cyprus before the end of the Third Crusade since few knights, sergeants
or turcopoles would have been likely to go with him as long as Richard the
Lionheart was still in the field. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whatever
the exact date of his arrival on Cyprus, Guy was accompanied by a small group
of Frankish lords and knights whose lands had been lost to Saladin in 1187/1188
and not recaptured in the course of the Third Crusade. Guy arrived on an island
that was either still in a state of open rebellion or completely lawless. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Due to the scarcity of sources recording what happened next, most
histories today repeat a charming story which probably originated in the now
lost chronicle of Ernoul, a client of Balian d’Ibelin. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to this source, as soon as Guy
arrived on Cyprus he sent to his arch-enemy Saladin for advice on how to rule
it. What is more, the ever chivalrous and wise Sultan graciously responded that
‘if he wants the island to be secure he must give it all away.’</span><a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> Allegedly, based on this advice, Guy invited settlers from all
the Christian countries of the eastern Mediterranean to settle on Cyprus,
offering everyone rich rewards and making them marry the local women. Accordingly,
the dispossessed peoples of Syria, both high and low, flooded to Cyprus and
were rewarded with rich fiefs, until Guy had just enough land to support twenty
household knights. And everyone lived happily ever after.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This is a fairy tale. Guy did not arrive on an empty island; the
population of Cyprus at this time was roughly 100,000. While most inhabitants
were apolitical peasants, there were significant urban and ecclesiastical
elites still on the island. These had welcomed Richard the Lionheart in order
to rid themselves of a tyrant, but rapidly shown their mettle in a revolt against
Richard’s administrators and again by their successful rebellion against
Templar Rule. The Knights Templars had just abandoned the island because they
believed <i>it would be too costly, time-consuming and difficult to pacify</i>.
In short, the large Greek Orthodox population on the island identified
themselves as Romans (Byzantines) and most were not waiting to welcome ‘good
King Guy’ as their overlord. Indeed, we know the names of two Cypriot patriots,
who led continued resistance to Latin rule until nearly the end of the century,
namely Isaac of Antiochetta and Kanakes.</span><a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> We also have references to abandoned villages and population
flight in the accounts of the contemporary Cypriot abbot and later saint
Neophytos the Recluse.</span><a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[v]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> All of this suggests that a period of unrest and violence
preceded the ‘happily ever after’ ending of the popular fairy tale.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Guy de Lusignan died either in April or toward the end of 1194 and
was replaced as lord of Cyprus by his elder brother Aimery. By the end of <i>Aimery</i>
de Lusignan’s reign in 1205, the island had both been pacified and transformed
by the steady influx of immigrants from Syria, Antioch and Armenia. Furthermore,
Aimery obtained a crown by submitting the island to the Holy Roman Emperor and also
established a Latin church hierarchy on the island. Last but not least, Aimery founded
the dynasty that would rule a prosperous and independent Cyprus for the next
two hundred years. </span></span><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Galatariotou, Catia. <i>The Making of a Saint: The Life, Times and
Sanctification of Neophytos the Recluse</i>. [Cambridge: University Press,
1991] 42.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <i>The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre,</i> chapter 133,
112.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div id="edn3">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <i>The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre</i>, chapter 133,
113. </span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div id="edn4">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Galatariotou, 220.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[v]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Galatariotou, 203.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-82602090103944597032022-08-15T02:30:00.001-07:002022-08-15T02:30:00.178-07:00The Re-Establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> The Third Crusade was over. The Kingdom of Jerusalem now had to survive on its own. That this was possible is largely due to wise moves on the part of King Richard -- and luck.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6jQztajh48z9nhwZ48w2lTKdjvR28ngkkB193s2BBstCMeiFgTWHQflZqKVfavRvsLVU9qxh_Gg-hguq8v6iaOxfjpEyejm9mEdq-ZqiraAD6r-JYKjQHblH2ct-m5mFLSlXEla0AIhU6OyXi3DAEc0rKBwC-ZCd4t8t9uEfLKwMdgUE8ltumSHvl/s203/Henry_I_of_Champagne.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="203" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6jQztajh48z9nhwZ48w2lTKdjvR28ngkkB193s2BBstCMeiFgTWHQflZqKVfavRvsLVU9qxh_Gg-hguq8v6iaOxfjpEyejm9mEdq-ZqiraAD6r-JYKjQHblH2ct-m5mFLSlXEla0AIhU6OyXi3DAEc0rKBwC-ZCd4t8t9uEfLKwMdgUE8ltumSHvl/s1600/Henry_I_of_Champagne.jpg" width="203" /></a></div>Henri de Champagne<br /> <br /><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The foundations
of this ‘second’ Kingdom of Jerusalem were laid by Richard the Lionheart not
only through the territorial gains of his campaign but by his wise decision to
allow the barons of Jerusalem to, in accordance with their traditions, select
their next king. After initially siding with Guy de Lusignan, the course of the
crusade convinced Richard that Guy would never be able to hold the fragile
kingdom together. The issue came to a head when in April 1192, Richard received
news that his brother John had allied with Philip II and he was at risk of
losing his crown and his empire. He announced his decision to return to the
West to confront his domestic enemies and asked each man in the army to decide
according to his own conscience whether to remain to fight for Jerusalem or not.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <i>Itinerarium</i> describes what
happened next: </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><i>When they had
discussed this for some time, the wiser of them returned this reply to the royal
enquiry: because the country had been devastated by disputes and disagreements,
… the most essential thing was to create a new king whom everyone would obey,
to whom the country could be entrusted, who would wage the people’s wars and
whom the whole army would follow. If this did not happen before King Richard’s
departure, they declared they would all leave since they were unable to guard
the country by themselves.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><i> </i></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Richard then
asked them who they wished to be their king. ‘At once all the people, small and
great, went down on their knees and begged and implored him to raise the marquis
[Conrad Marquis de Montferrat, Queen Isabella’s husband] to be their prince and
defender….’<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Richard accepted
this decision and sent his nephew Henri Count of Champagne to Montferrat in Tyre
with the news of his election. The message delivered, Champagne left Tyre but had
only gone as far as Acre when the news overtook him that <span style="color: black;">Conrad
had been assassinated. Although attempts were later made to pin the blame on
Richard, Saladin and even Humphrey of Toron, the most probably explanation is
that Montferrat had offended the Assassins. </span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Champagne immediately returned to Tyre, probably to verify the truth
of this apparently incredible rumor. One version of what happened has captured
the popular imagination and been repeated uncritically ever since. Allegedly ‘the
people’ of Tyre welcomed Henri with jubilation and proclaimed him king. This has
no basis in historical fact. Kings were not elected by ‘popular acclaim’ in the
Kingdom of Jerusalem, least of by the citizens of a single city. The High
Court, composed of the most important barons and bishops of the realm, elected
the kings. The Lyon Continuation of Tyre, which is based in large part on material
from Outremer, explicitly states that ‘on the advice of the barons of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem,’ Richard nominated his nephew Henri de Champagne as the
next king.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">While this is undoubtedly closer to the truth, it still ignores an
important point. Queen Isabella had already been recognized by the barons and
bishops of Jerusalem as Queen. She was very much alive and, indeed, pregnant. All
this ‘proclaiming,’ ‘electing’ and ‘nominating’ actually consisted of finding a
suitable husband for the widowed queen. Champagne was a 26-year-old bachelor
who had been campaigning in the Holy Land more than eighteen months, having
come out before the main forces of the Third Crusade. He was a nephew to both
the King of England and the King of France, his mother being Eleanor of
Aquitaine’s daughter by Louis VII. This made him a diplomatic choice, assuring support
from both the French and English.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Medieval chronicles agree, however, that Henri de Champagne was initially
reluctant to accept the crown. Acceptance meant he would not be able to return
home. The kingdom itself existed more in people’s hearts than in reality. It
was threatened on all sides by the armies of Saladin. The crusading force that
had established control of the coastline was already disintegrating, and the
King of England had announced his intention to return home. Furthermore, if Queen
Isabella gave birth to a son, this posthumous child of Montferrat would take precedence
over Champagne’s own offspring. It did not look like a very promising
proposition to the young Count of Champagne. Yet Henri changed his mind
abruptly — according to the <i>Itinerarium</i> because Queen Isabella persuaded
him by her grace and beauty. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Whatever the exact sequence of events, on 5 May 1192— just eight days
after she had been so unexpectedly widowed — Isabella married the Count of
Champagne. Henri’s first act as King of Jerusalem was to persuade his uncle the
King of England to remain through the campaign season rather than immediately depart
for England. This enabled the crusaders to consolidate gains, and with Richard’s
dramatic victory at Jaffa, to bring Saladin to the negotiating table. When
Richard departed in October, he allegedly promised his nephew that he would
return with a new crusading army to continue where he left off when the truce
expired. Meanwhile, Henri and Isabella set about re-establishing regular
government from a ‘provisional’ capital in Acre. The institutions of government
from the High Court down were reconstituted and started to function again.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Anonymous, <i>Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi</i>
translated by Helen Nicholson as ‘The Chronicle of the Third Crusade’ (Crusades
Texts in Translation) [Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997] book 5, chapter 24, 302-3.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <i>Itinerarium</i>, book 5, chapter 24, 303.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-59778945084364281282022-08-08T02:30:00.002-07:002022-08-08T02:30:00.175-07:00The Third Crusade - Part II<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The
fall of Acre and the withdrawal of Philip II of France brought the
Third Crusade to a new stage -- one dominated by the English King
Richard I. Below is a summary of the second half of the Third Crusade.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi32AKZjCQgH7imCBxcX3WGvWaZ_fhogJhW6o74N65vPQfvPkRdpasuCWj3iJ5xaopKassj-NTdh0_KsoruNVcSXST5v6cTNRszXpcWPI-o9Pt2SyIz2bjXZbvPvmJXGyneRGWb-ZBnnnG6Gb8s4-KrxB_OBp3nxYxPYr2TXWVAl2zNrvGgHpujjqSehQ/s300/Richard%20the%20Lionheart.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="184" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi32AKZjCQgH7imCBxcX3WGvWaZ_fhogJhW6o74N65vPQfvPkRdpasuCWj3iJ5xaopKassj-NTdh0_KsoruNVcSXST5v6cTNRszXpcWPI-o9Pt2SyIz2bjXZbvPvmJXGyneRGWb-ZBnnnG6Gb8s4-KrxB_OBp3nxYxPYr2TXWVAl2zNrvGgHpujjqSehQ/s1600/Richard%20the%20Lionheart.jpg" width="184" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">On August 22, 1192 a crusader army composed of roughly 20,000 fighting men of which 1,200 were
knights set out from Acre along the coastal road heading for Jerusalem via
Jaffa under the overall command of Richard of England. Although the crusaders were marching through what had been the heart of
the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the region had been overrun by Saladin’s forces four
years earlier and the inhabitants had been slaughtered, enslaved or driven off.
No Saracen settlers had been sent to replace them. The fields lay fallow, the
gardens left to go to seed, and the vineyards had been broken down. In short,
the army was dependent on provisioning by sea. On the other hand, the horses had
ample pasturage and water was plentiful since wells and aqueducts were still
functioning. Furthermore, the fleet sailed down the coast keeping pace with the
army, carrying food, fodder, supplies, munitions and also offering medical
facilities for the wounded. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The latter
was important because the Sultan’s forces controlled the interior and could
move and deploy at will. This meant that the crusaders had to advance in battle
formation, prepared to fight every foot of the way. Richard adopted the
standard tactic of the Franks, the ‘fighting box,’ anchoring his formation on
the sea, placing his baggage immediately beside the coast, the knights east/left
of the baggage and the infantry on the landward flank of the formation, where
they could protect the vulnerable horses. The entire formation advanced at the
pace of the infantry. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Richard’s
objective was to reach Jaffa, where he hoped to establish a defensible
stronghold for the assault on Jerusalem. He had no interest in a full-scale
battle with Saladin. Saladin, on the other hand, needed to avenge the slain of
Acre and prevent the Franks from gaining control of another coastal city where
they could entrench themselves. He wanted to engage the Franks while they were
in the open so he could bring his superior numbers to bear. His reputation was
at stake.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Richard
maintained rigid discipline throughout the march, and despite daily provocation
and harassment by Turkish mounted archers, the army made slow but steady
progress down the coast. Arab sources report that the Franks kept marching
despite having as many as ten arrows embedded in their shields or armor. The
Franks, furthermore, had enough troops to regularly rotate between the exposed Eastern
flank and the protected Western flank. They passed through the ruins of
Caesarea 1 September 1191 and were a day’s march from Arsuf six days later. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">On September
7, however, Saracen forces massed in such numbers that the crusaders knew they
were about to face the onslaught. Richard gave strict orders for the knights
not to charge the enemy unless he had personally given the order; his order was
to be communicated by trumpet signals. The Sultan, commanding an army roughly
twice that of the crusaders, ordered the attack at 9 am, after the Franks had
been marching for several hours in the summer heat. He ordered massed infantry
attacks for the first time, which pressed in to engage the crusader infantry, inflicting
significant casualties. However, these failed to halt the advance. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">By noon, the
leading crusader units had reached the well-watered orchards north of Arsuf. The
Saracens began focusing their attacks on the rearguard formed by the
Hospitallers. Casualties among the horses mounted dangerously, and the Master
of the Hospital rode forward to Richard requesting permission to attack before
all his horses were slaughtered. Richard refused. Returning to the rear, the
Master found that his men were pressed so hard that they were marching
backwards. Again, the Master rode forward to beg Richard for permission to launch
a counterattack. Richard again said ‘no’.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Before the Hospitaller
Master could return to the rearguard, the Marshal of the Hospital broke out of
the line with the cry of ‘St. George’, lead a Hospitaller charge. This was
rapidly reinforced by the knights of Champagne, marching immediately beside the
Hospitallers. Richard sounded the trumpet signal, and along the entire line the
infantry stepped aside to allow the knights through the infantry screen. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The
pro-Richard <i>Itinerarium</i> (and many modern commentators) make much of the
fact that the attack was not initiated by Richard and suggest that it was somehow
‘mistimed’ as a result. The eye-witness account of Baha al-Din, on the other
hand, describes the Frankish charge as ‘simultaneous’ — showing just how
rapidly the Hospitallers had been reinforced — and also calling it superbly
timed and well-coordinated. Certainly, claims that Richard might have won a
decisive victory here are misleading. With the Saracens in control of the
interior of the country, there was no way to pin them down and annihilate them.
The only army that might have been annihilated in this engagement was Richard’s
since he had his back to the sea. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Significantly,
at the moment of the Hospitaller attack many mounted Turkish archers had
dismounted to improve their aim. Apparently, after two weeks of failing to
provoke a charge, they assumed the Franks would not charge. Equally important,
Richard was with the van. In any battle, there are moments with a junior commander
close to the action senses opportunity that a distant senior commander cannot.
The fact that the charge was initiated by the experienced and disciplined
Hospitaller marshal, not some rash young crusader, suggests a rational decision
based on calculated risks. The marshal didn’t have time to send to Richard for
permission — and did not want to risk another ‘no’ either. He made a command
decision, hoping and expecting to be reinforced. His instincts proved correct. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The
Hospitaller charge, rapidly reinforced by the rest of the cavalry, achieved the
maximum results possible in the situation. While Frankish/crusader casualties
were light, the knights inflicted bruising casualties on the enemy that seriously
wounded Saracen morale. Ibn Shaddad, who personally fought in the battle, speaks
of a ‘complete rout’, while Ibn al-Athir says the Sultan’s forces came close to
being destroyed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most important,
Saladin’s aura of invincibility acquired at Hattin was shattered. Respect for
Frankish military potency was restored. Although Saladin successfully rallied
his troops, the crusaders were able to complete the rest of their march to
Jaffa without significant opposition. Thereafter, Saladin avoided all direct
military confrontation with Richard the Lionhearted. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">At Jaffa, Richard
focused on rebuilding the broken defensive infrastructure of the city and along
the route to Jerusalem. While this made strategic sense and testifies to
Richard’s grasp of the essential requirements of a successful campaign, it was
slow work. Unsurprisingly, Richard made his first diplomatic overtures to
Saladin during this time. Like any good general, Richard recognized that it
would be madness to fight, if he could obtain his objectives through negotiations.
</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The political
objectives of the Third Crusade were crystal clear: the restoration of
Christian rule over the Holy Land. The later was defined roughly as the land in
which Christ had lived and died, most especially the site of his execution,
burial and resurrection: Jerusalem. Saladin’s political objective was to defend
the status quo: Muslim control over the territory coveted by the crusaders.
There was no common ground between these two positions. As long as both sides
believed they could win, the pressure for compromise was insufficient to allow
for a diplomatic solution.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Richard’s
problem was that time was running out. The autumn rains had started, and since
Saladin burned and destroyed as he retreated toward Jerusalem, the crusaders
were camping out in the open. More important, Saladin was known to have
garrisoned Jerusalem strongly, yet still had the resources to maintain a substantial
field army. Any attempt to besiege Jerusalem exposed the crusaders to the risk
of between trapped between these two forces. Furthermore, victory was nearly as
dangerous as defeat because the crusaders did not have enough men to prevent
Saladin’s army from severing their lines of communication and supply to the sea.
Such circumstances induced the Templars, Hospitallers and local barons to advise
against an assault or siege. In an assembly of all crusaders, their reasoning
persuaded a majority to vote for withdrawal to the coast. Yet this decision
shattered the morale and cohesion of the army. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The crusade
had been called and men had taken the cross in order to recapture Jerusalem. If
that goal was unobtainable, why stay? From this point on, the bickering between
factions became pronounced. Large numbers of men drifted back to ‘the flesh
pots’ of Acre, while the French increasingly refused to recognize Richard’s
leadership. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">With what
troops he had, Richard re-occupied Ascalon and rebuilt the defences there. By
summer, however, popular pressure forced Richard to make a second approach on
Jerusalem — with the same result. Meanwhile, Richard had learned that his
brother was trying to usurp the English crown with the help of Philip II. Richard
realized he must return home. His objective in the Holy Land switched to
leaving the Kingdom of Jerusalem in a defensible state. Richard identified the recapture
Sidon and Beirut to establish continuous Frankish control of the coast from
Jaffa to Latakia as the most strategic use of available resources. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Before he
could carry out his plan, however, Saladin struck. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the end of July 1192, word reached Richard
that Jaffa was under attack. With his household of just fifty-five knights and
roughly 2,000 Italian archers, Richard sailed in a half-dozen ships in an
attempt to stiffen garrison morale long enough for a larger force under the
command of the King of Jerusalem to advance down the coastal road to Jaffa’s
relief. On arrival, Saracen banners flew from the towers of the town, and
Richard thought he’d come too late — until a swimmer flung himself from the citadel
into the water and swam out to inform Richard that the citadel was still in
Frankish hands. Richard immediately ordered his ships to beach themselves on
the shore and, despite thousands of Saracen troops camped at the base of the
city walls, Richard led an amphibious assault. The King of England was the
first to go ashore with a weapon in each hand. He fought his way through the
Saracens on the beach to an unlocked (!) postern gate and led his small force into
the city. Within hours, his men had control of the city; the enemy had been too
busy celebrating their victory and sleeping off their excesses to realize what hit
them. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The ease of
this victory is best explained by the fact that Saladin with most of his
cavalry was elsewhere. On learning of Richard’s arrival in Jaffa, Saladin
returned and at dawn on 5 August attacked Richard’s meager troops. These were
camping in front of the city because no one had yet had the time to clear away
the corpses (of both sides) rotting inside. Nearly caught off-guard, Richard’s
men defended themselves, some of them half-naked, kneeling behind their
shields, while the crossbowmen took turns firing. Eventually a dozen nags were
rounded up, and Richard led a ‘charge’ of twelve knights against the thousands
of horsemen in Saladin’s surrounding army. This astonishing feat is described by
the Arab chronicler Baha al-Din based on eye-witness reports. He writes: ‘It
was reported to me that the King of England took his lance that day and
galloped from the far right wing to the far left and nobody challenged him. The
Sultan was enraged, turned his back on the fighting and went to Yazur in high
dudgeon.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Saladin’s abortive
attempt to retake Jaffa proved to be the diplomatic turning point. Within less
than a month, on 2 September, Richard and Saladin signed a three-year and
eight-month truce. Neither side was content with the results. Both remained
committed to continuing the fight. Yet both sides had reached the end of their
resources for the moment. Imad al-Din, eloquent as always, puts the following
words into the mouth of Saladin’s advisors: ‘Look too at the state of the
country, ruined and trampled underfoot, at your subjects, beaten down and
confused, at your armies, exhausted and sick, at your horses, neglected and
ruined. … If they fail to get their truce they will devote all their energies
to strengthening and consolidating their position; they will face death with
high courage … and for love of their Faith will refuse to submit to humiliation.…
During peacetime we shall prepare for war and shall renew the means of striking
a blow with point and blade.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> Baha
al-Din notes that when the Frankish lords Humphrey of Toron and Balian d’Ibelin
went to the Sultan’s camp to conclude the truce they were ‘received with great
honor and respect’ adding ‘Both sides were overwhelmed with such joy and
delight as only God can measure.’<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">As pilgrims
had always done, the men of the Third Crusade returned to the West. Richard of
Lionheart was one of the last to depart, taking ship on 10 October. He left
behind a fragile and vulnerable kingdom that hardly seemed likely to survive beyond
the end of the truce. In fact, it lasted ninety-nine years. </span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad. <i>The Rare and Excellent History of
Saladin</i> translated by D.S. Richards. [Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002] 225-226.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Imad ad-Din. <i>The Conquest of the Holy City</i>. Translated by
Francesco Gabrieli in <i>Arab Historians of the Crusades. </i>[Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1957] 234.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad. <i>The Rare and Excellent History of
Saladin</i> translated by D.S. Richards. [Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002] 28.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></span></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-7840119681687037032022-08-01T02:30:00.015-07:002022-08-01T02:30:00.173-07:00The Third Crusade - Part I<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> The fall of
Jerusalem sent shock waves through Europe. Pope Urban III allegedly died of grief
on hearing the news. His successor Gregory VIII issued a call to crusade just
nine days later in a papal bull that blamed the catastrophe on the sins of all
Christians and summoned everyone to acts of penance and contrition. One of the
first nobleman to ‘take the cross’ was Richard Plantagenet, Count of Poitou, followed
within months by his father King Henry II of England, King Philip II of France,
and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick ‘Barbarossa.’ </span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Below is the first in to entries describing what happened in what later became known as "The Third Crusade"<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-5pr0EH6F_9-KLKR8-RxxqIn7W80vv81QfE9yIy3rxiCwUu_dGRdKdip8CibsjADuDQ8J4xQigXbhpiPeLZwOxqXwHEzxQReMhLlaOUrYCD7YPgBWXE8isb9eX8gAryPiP_Ce0uIzoMppLUNQ0nThrTvkiO8aVEGFd30paYKVp_j3O4OYiUN2DG5S/s243/RIchard%20and%20Philippe%20on%20Crusade.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="220" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-5pr0EH6F_9-KLKR8-RxxqIn7W80vv81QfE9yIy3rxiCwUu_dGRdKdip8CibsjADuDQ8J4xQigXbhpiPeLZwOxqXwHEzxQReMhLlaOUrYCD7YPgBWXE8isb9eX8gAryPiP_Ce0uIzoMppLUNQ0nThrTvkiO8aVEGFd30paYKVp_j3O4OYiUN2DG5S/s1600/RIchard%20and%20Philippe%20on%20Crusade.jpg" width="220" /></a></p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Due primarily
to hostilities between the Plantagenets and Capets, the German crusade got
underway first, in May 1189. It was composed of an estimated 12,000 foot and
3,000 knights, most of whom travelled with the Emperor overland, although
smaller contingents traveled independently by sea. Barbarossa’s army was highly
disciplined and prepared to pay for provisions but encountered difficulties as
soon as it crossed into Byzantine territory. However, the new Emperor, Isaac II
Angelus, had signed an agreement with Saladin including a promise to obstruct
the passage of crusaders headed for the Holy Land. As a result, Barbarossa’s
force found no markets for provisioning and met with repeated harassment from ‘bandits’
and ‘brigands,’ probably in the pay of Constantinople. Barbarossa brushed aside
the ineffective attempts to stop him, forced Isaac to provide transportation across
the Dardanelles, and crossed into Muslim controlled territory on 22 April 1190.
</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">On 18 May
Barbarossa decisively defeated a Turkish army at the Battle of Iconium. The
German crusaders then occupied Konya, the capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of
Rum, where they replenished supplies and replaced significant equine casualties.
The truce negotiated with the Turks allowed free passage through the rest of
the sultanate. On 30 May, the army crossed back into Christian territory,
entering Cilician Armenia, where it met with hospitality and support for the
first time. One of the most important modern historians of the crusades, Christopher
Tyreman, claims that Barbarossa’s performance to this point was ‘one of the
most remarkable feats of western arms in crusading history.’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></span> </p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Yet it was
all undone by a single accident. On 10 June 1190, Frederick Barbarossa drowned
while crossing the River Saleph. It is unclear if he had a heart attack while riding
through the icy water, or if he was, as one account claimed, caught in a whirlpool.
Whatever happened, his death triggered the almost complete disintegration of
his host. Most of the crusaders turned back. Only a small contingent under his
son Frederick of Swabia reached Antioch and eventually the siege at Acre, where
many of the remainder died. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile,
with the death of Henry II on 6 July 1189, paved the way for an uneasy peace
between France and England. Philip II was at best a reluctant crusader and did
not yet have a well-organized and centralized bureaucracy comparable to that of
the Plantagenets. Although he attempted to raise extra funding through a
special tax, resistance was considerable. Philip proved unwilling or unable to enforce
collection, and ultimately raised only a modest host. However, a number of his
powerful barons (e.g. the Duke of Burgundy, the Counts of Flanders and recruited
and paid for substantial contingents. In consequence, the French host probably
equaled that of Barbarossa, e.g. 15,000 men. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Richard of
Poitou, now King of England, on the other hand was totally dedicated to the
crusade. Contemporaries claim that crusading fever swept England fueled by what
is described as love of God, hope for remission of sins — and respect for the
king. The latter should not be underestimated. Richard also proved remarkably
inventive in raising funds to finance his great expedition. In addition to the ‘Saladin
Tax’ — which he vigorously collected, he engaged in practices which are
nowadays considered offensive, such as selling offices. In the twelfth century,
however, royal offices were always instruments of patronage, and payment for
them in one form or another was expected not exceptional. More scandalous in
the eyes of his contemporaries was the sale of properties from the royal domain
because it diminished royal revenue in the long term. Yet Richard successfully increased
exchequer receipts for the year 1190 by two to three times the norm. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Richard’s
focus on being well-financed and his organizational talent for raising funds served
his soldiers well. For a start, it enabled Richard to build a fleet to
transport his army by sea, avoiding the grueling two-thousand-mile march that
had depleted crusading armies in the past. Furthermore, this fleet was key to maintaining
lines of supply throughout the entire crusade and enabled two decisive amphibious
operations. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">After
wintering in Sicily, the French (also travelling by sea but in chartered
vessels) sailed on 30 March 1191 for Acre, arriving without incident April 20.
Richard’s fleet of 209 ships sailed ten days later and immediately ran into
violent storms that scattered it. Richard diverted to Cyprus, which he captured
from a self-proclaimed and unpopular despot, before proceeding to Acre, which
he reached 8 June. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The arrival
of the French and English forces decisively tipped the balance of forces in
favor of the besiegers. While French and English fleets blockaded Acre by sea,
the kings deployed large siege engines against the city. The crusaders were at
last numerous enough to hold off Saladin’s forces while engaging in assaults on
the city. The Saracen garrison rapidly recognized that surrender might be
unavoidable and opened negotiations. The initial crusader demands for the return
of all prisoners and all coastal cities were unrealistic and rejected. However,
eventually, the Franks were talked down to the terms agreed upon on 12 July 1191,
namely 1) the restoration of the True Cross, 2) the release of 2,700 prisoners
and 3) payment of 200,000 dinars. The garrison also provided 2,700 hostages
(fighting men, not women and children) to stand surety for the fulfillment of
the terms.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Significantly, the deal was made with the
garrison at Acre, not Saladin. When the Sultan learned of them, he was
allegedly ‘distressed’ but felt honor-bound to uphold them.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">At this
point, Philip II concluded he had fulfilled his crusading vows and promptly
sailed back to France — to the shock and scorn of the entire crusading host,
including his own subjects. French command passed to the Duke of Burgundy — the
same man who had been betrothed to Sibylla of Jerusalem in 1179/1180 but reneged
on his promise. Meanwhile, Saladin failed to deliver, twice. Richard made the strategic
decision to execute all the hostages in plain view of Saladin’s army. Although by
the standards of the day, Richard had the right to do what he did, his action
still shocked contemporaries and has blackened his name ever since. Historians
have pointed out that Richard could ill afford to leave sufficient troops in
Acre to guard nearly 3,000 prisoners. Others note that he needed to signal
strength and determination to Saladin. Often overlooked, the Lyon Continuation
of Tyre reports that the principle reason the Franks had agreed to the surrender
terms in the first place had been because ‘they were keen for the Christians to
be released from Saracen captivity.’<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a> As
a result, when Saladin failed to deliver either the cross or the prisoners, the
common troops were outraged and rebellious. Namely, ‘when King Richard saw the
people weeping and lamenting because Saladin had deceived them, he had great
pity and wanted to calm those who were in such great distress.’<a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a>
Read: he feared his own authority could be undermined and he might lose control
of his army. Tragically, it was prisoners on both sides that paid the price.
Saladin retaliated by slaughtering those prisoners who fell into his hands in
the days following this massacre. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span><br clear="all" /><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><hr size="1" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;" width="33%" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><div id="edn1" style="text-align: justify;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Tyreman, Christopher. <i>The World of the Crusades: An Illustrated
History</i>. [New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019] 210. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span></div><div id="edn2" style="text-align: justify;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> The exact number of hostages and prisoners to be released is not
certain as different accounts given different numbers. This number is the
figure deemed most reasonable based on conditions in Acre and the size of the
respective forces.</span></span></span></p>
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span></div><div id="edn3" style="text-align: justify;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Anonymous, <i>The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre</i>
translated by Peter Edbury as ‘The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade’
(Crusades Texts in Translation) [Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998] chapter 105, 107.</span></span></span></p>
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span></div><div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span></div><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <i>Old French Continuation of Tyre</i>, chpt. 105, 108.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> </p><p> </p><p></p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-88313137457943441942022-07-25T02:30:00.004-07:002022-07-25T02:30:00.238-07:00Survival and Defiance<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Jerusalem
had fallen. The king and the bulk of his barons were in captivity. Tens
of thousands of Christians had been enslaved and only city in the
former Kingdom of Jeruslem, Tyre, remained in Frankish hands. The County
of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch also still held out. But for
how long. The loss of Jerusalem had killed a pope and already set in
motion a new crusade, but it would take a year or more for the armies of
the West to reach the Levant. In the meantime, the surviving Franks and
their native allies had to contrive to survive. And they did.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikHuqP8vpTOud7WsWUjpfNrfbrya-8fnKXAfqsKHMms3Ro5K9QVHWNFddrlxWRr7C-TUmrAB-WQYeV7RUYesIaL47n5aTGFWehswYfFL20VMdJrs6i7zk-CmRk9wf6xI9bxvcpDFDAInuw1-Echitb_b0ovFTxR8___OM9aTjbtIgkGfWdQ4UVuupcpw/s377/Godfrey%20of%20Bouillon%20leads%20the%20Crusade.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="346" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikHuqP8vpTOud7WsWUjpfNrfbrya-8fnKXAfqsKHMms3Ro5K9QVHWNFddrlxWRr7C-TUmrAB-WQYeV7RUYesIaL47n5aTGFWehswYfFL20VMdJrs6i7zk-CmRk9wf6xI9bxvcpDFDAInuw1-Echitb_b0ovFTxR8___OM9aTjbtIgkGfWdQ4UVuupcpw/s320/Godfrey%20of%20Bouillon%20leads%20the%20Crusade.jpg" width="294" /></a></span></p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Saladin’s
focus turned to the last city in the former Kingdom of Jerusalem still in
Frankish hands: Tyre. The survivors of Hattin, as well as Ibelin with what
knights had survived the siege of Jerusalem, were concentrated here under the
command of the dynamic Conrad de Montferrat. Montferrat, a brother of Queen
Sibylla’s first husband, had arrived off Acre shortly after it surrendered to
Saladin. Although totally oblivious of the catastrophe that had befallen the
kingdom, he learned of it from the pilot that met his ship. Rather than landing
in Arab-held Acre, he sailed for Tyre. Here he found the garrison demoralized and
contemplating surrender. He rallied the citizens and defied Saladin, who moved
on to easier pickings, but after the surrender of Jerusalem in October 1187, Saladin
returned and laid siege to Tyre. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The city was located
on an island connected to the mainland by a narrow causeway on which were three,
successively higher walls. It was unassailable by sea due to the rocks in the
surrounding waters. Despite a number of attempts to force surrender, Tyre held.
By the end of December, Saladin’s army had been in the field eight months. Sated
with conquests and loot but cold, wet and homesick, it started to disintegrate.
After a ruse resulted in the loss of several Saracen ships, Saladin withdrew,
leaving Tyre in Frankish hands at the start of 1188.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">At the start
of the next campaign season, Saladin turned his attention to the two remaining
crusader states: Tripoli and Antioch. Tripoli was saved by the timely arrival a
fleet of sixty Sicilian ships loaded with crusaders. Saladin had no desire to tangle
with such a large, fresh and motivated force and continued up the coast. He
destroyed Tortosa 3 July 1188, and subsequently took Valania, Jabala, Latakia, and
the castles of Saone, Darbsak and Baghras. Panicked, Prince Bohemond offered
Saladin an eight-month truce including a clause to surrender Antioch if no
assistance arrived within that time. Saladin, who had no desire to waste time
and troops on besieging a city as formidable as Antioch, agreed.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">If Saladin
thought the Franks were beaten, however, he was wrong. On 3 June 1189, Frankish
troops from Tyre took to the field in an attempt to re-take Sidon. <b><span style="color: black;">If
successful, the operation would have extended Frankish control in the direction
of the County of Tripoli and enabled Sidon to be used as a base for the re-capture
of the more important port of Beirut. Regaining control of Sidon and Beirut
would have re-established continuous Frankish control of the coastline of the
northern Levant. In addition, firm Frankish control of the region between Tyre
and Sidon would have enabled cultivation of the coastal plain. This was important
in order to support the population of Tyre, which was flooded with refugees
from the rest of the kingdom. Within ten days, however, it was evident that the
balance of forces still overwhelmingly favored the Saracens, and the Franks
withdrew to Tyre. Although not a success, the incident is poignant evidence of
the fighting spirit of the men of Outremer.</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Meanwhile,
Saladin had released Guy de Lusignan after the latter swore never to take up
arms against Muslims again and promised to go ‘across the sea.’ Instead of
keeping his word, Lusignan went to Antioch and in the summer of 1189 returned
to his lost kingdom with a force of perhaps seven hundred knights and nine thousand
foot-soldiers. After being refused admittance to Tyre by Conrad de Montferrat,
who argued Guy had lost his crown when he lost his kingdom, Guy’s small army continued
down the coast to lay siege to Acre. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">This
important port had once been the economic heart of the kingdom, but the
Christian population had been expelled after surrendering to Saladin in July
1187. It was now heavily garrisoned with Egyptian troops fiercely loyal to
Saladin. Because </span>Acre was l<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">ocated deep inside Saracen held territory, a Frankish siege of
Acre required continuous re-provisioning and reinforcements by sea. Furthermore,
Saladin quickly brought up troops to besiege the besiegers. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The
ensuing siege lasted two full years and cost tens of thousands of Christian
lives. According to the <i>Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi</i>,
one of the most important contemporary accounts, the siege cost Christendom the
Patriarch of Jerusalem, six archbishops, twelve bishops, forty counts, and five
hundred barons. While there are no reliable sources for the number of commoners
lost, one contemporary observer claimed 75% of the participants died, another
that ‘more than half’ never went home. In either case, tens of thousands of
ordinary people -- fighting men, clergy and camp followers -- were lost in the
siege of Acre. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Furthermore,
although both sides repeatedly launched assaults against the other, all were
ultimately defeated at high cost. Between these major battles, small scale
skirmishing occurred on an almost daily basis, causing continuous attrition.
Ultimately, however, disease, deprivation, and unsanitary conditions accounted
for the lion’s share of the casualties. In short, the history of the Siege of
Acre is a grim tale of stalemate reminiscent of the horrible trench warfare of
WWI and ultimately just as senseless. Except for possibly distracting Saladin
from renewed assaults on Tyre, Tripoli and Antioch, it served no military
purpose. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The
siege also ended the reign and life of Queen Sibylla. She died of an unnamed
illness along with her two surviving children. Since Guy de Lusignan ruled only
by right of his wife, Sibylla’s death destroyed the last shreds of Guy’s
legitimacy. The barons of Jerusalem promptly recognized Sibylla’s sister
Isabella as the rightful heir to the throne. Isabella, however, was still
married to the man who had betrayed them in 1186: Humphrey de Toron. Under no
circumstances were the surviving barons prepared to do homage to Humphrey de
Toron. Furthermore, having been tricked once by Sibylla’s promises to divorce and
remarry, the lords of Outremer insisted on Isabella divorcing Humphrey and
marrying <i>their</i> candidate, Conrad de Montferrat, <i>before</i> they would
do homage. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Despite
the outraged polemics and histrionic language of some of the chronicles, which
insist on speaking of an ‘abduction’ worse than that of Helen of Troy, the
facts are remarkably straight forward and undisputed. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">In mid-November 1190, Isabella was
removed from the tent she shared with Humphrey de Toron at the siege camp of
Acre against her will. She was not, however, taken and raped by Conrad.
Instead, she was sequestered and protected by the senior French cleric, the
Bishop of Beauvais, while a church court was convened to rule on the validity
of her marriage to Humphrey. The case hinged on the important theological
principle of consent. Humphrey claimed that Isabella had consented to the
marriage, but when challenged by a witness to the wedding he ‘said nothing’ and
backed down. It was further proved that Isabella was only eleven at the time of
her marriage to Humphrey, making her below the legal age for consent. This
meant whether she had consented as a child or not, the marriage was invalid. The
court ruled exactly this and the marriage was dissolved. Isabella agreed to
marry Conrad de Montferrat and following the wedding ceremony the barons of
Jerusalem did homage to her as their queen.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Chronicles hostile to Montferrat allege
rampant corruption, vile motives on the part of the barons and Isabella’s
mother, and dismiss eighteen-year-old Isabella because ‘a woman’s opinion
changes very easily’ and girls are ‘easily taught to do what is morally wrong.’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> Modern historians and
novelists are apt to focus on the melodrama of a young woman dragged from the
bed of ‘the man she loved’ in order to marry a man picked by others. Either
way, the allegations of base motives are unfounded in fact and the portrayal of
Isabella is one of a helpless pawn. In fact, Isabella was given a clear and
simple choice: she could re-marry Humphrey or she could have the crown of
Jerusalem. Isabella chose the crown — despite the fact that her kingdom
consisted of exactly one city and a miserable and beleaguered siege camp on the
day she made her choice. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><hr size="1" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;" width="33%" /><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div id="edn1"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Itinerarium</i>,
chpt. 63, 124.</span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> </p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-72548354975189150842022-07-18T02:30:00.002-07:002022-07-18T02:30:00.197-07:00The Siege and Surrender of Jerusalem 1187<p> <span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Returning
to a chronological review of the history of the crusader states, I look
today at the siege and surrender of Jerusalem following the Christian
defeat at the Battle of Hattin</span>.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmiGvTWwqiOh7um7s9-7ikBeWtKgWOEjiGnpxM0VuFuHWA7re8RDlst0g4XnP9UCWBMxg6SOTaD7gwkPX4AE2CI-qFjdY0PcQF2FywJWkJnE8COQ5JHt0hoR-gxc9k6eUBy_jwF_O4VzF8IglfpFlAJoilQ_i2SnGdxeHvnfZsdY5He-BtpJOV7AGgiw/s293/Siege%20of%20Acre%201291.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="154" data-original-width="293" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmiGvTWwqiOh7um7s9-7ikBeWtKgWOEjiGnpxM0VuFuHWA7re8RDlst0g4XnP9UCWBMxg6SOTaD7gwkPX4AE2CI-qFjdY0PcQF2FywJWkJnE8COQ5JHt0hoR-gxc9k6eUBy_jwF_O4VzF8IglfpFlAJoilQ_i2SnGdxeHvnfZsdY5He-BtpJOV7AGgiw/s1600/Siege%20of%20Acre%201291.jpg" width="293" /></a></p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the aftermath of Hattin, Jerusalem was flooded with
refugees from the surrounding countryside and other parts of the kingdom. As
many as 60,000 people are believed to have taken refuge there in the weeks
following Hattin, bringing the total population to approximately 80,000. Accounts
speak of people having to camp in the streets because there were no available
lodgings. According to eye-witness accounts, there were 50 women and children
for every man, and only two knights in the entire city. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">While still
outside Ascalon, Saladin asked Jerusalem to send a delegation to discuss
surrender. Significantly, this delegation was composed of ‘burgesses’ and
represented the people of Jerusalem, not the government or nobles. Noting that ‘Jerusalem
was the house of God’, Saladin offered extremely generous terms: if no
reinforcements arrived by Pentecost of the following year, the burgesses were
to surrender the city in exchange for being allowed to depart with all their
movable goods. The burgesses rejected these terms saying: ‘they would never
surrender that city where God had shed His blood for them’.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Infuriated by their intransigence, Saladin vowed to initiate a bloodbath when
he took the city. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Among those
in the city were Queen Sibylla and the Dowager Queen Maria Comnena. The latter
was Balian d’Ibelin’s wife, and the baron obtained a safe-conduct from Saladin
to escort her and their four young children out of the city. The terms of the
safe-conduct required him go unarmed and remain only a single night. On his
arrival, however, Ibelin was besieged by the population, who begged him to
remain in the city to organize the defense. The Patriarch absolved Ibelin of
his oath to Saladin, and Ibelin informed the sultan of his situation. Saladin had
no interest in a Byzantine princess being caught up in what promised to be a
bitter siege and sent some of his Mamluks to escort Maria Comnena from
Jerusalem to Frankish held Tripoli. Saladin also allowed Queen Sibylla to join
her captive husband at Nablus. With no thought for her kingdom, her subjects or
her God, Sibylla rushed to her husband’s side, putting the ruling queen of
Jerusalem voluntarily in Saracen hands. This is perhaps the best evidence that
her marriage to Guy was one of passion not political convenience. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 20
September 1187, Saladin’s army encamped around Jerusalem. For the next four
days, the fighting was so bitter that the Arab chronicler Imad ad-Din
fabricated ‘70,000 Frankish troops, both swordsmen and archers’<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
to justify the failure of Saladin’s forces to overwhelm the defenders. The more
reliable historian Ibn al-Athir makes no claims about the number of defenders
but acknowledges: ‘Then began the fiercest struggle imaginable; each side
looked on the fight as an absolute religious obligation.’<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
He also reports that the Frankish knights made sorties in which they inflicted
serious casualties. Another account claims that at least one such sortie drove
the attackers all the way back to their camp. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 25
September, Saladin redeployed his army against the northwest corner of the city.
He employed sappers to undermine the walls, protecting them with artillery and cavalry
so they could work unhindered. On 29 September a segment of the wall roughly 30
meters long collapsed. At this point the city was no longer defensible,
although one last sortie out of the Golden Gate appears to have been aimed at
capturing or killing Saladin, who was camped on the Mount of Olives. This
sortie was rapidly driven back into the city.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On the
following day, Ibelin sought terms. Saladin dismissed the proposal out of hand;
one did not surrender a city already held. Ibelin countered that if he and his
men had no hope of surrender, they would kill all the Muslim prisoners, the
women and children, and then destroy the Holy Sites before sallying forth to seek
a martyr’s death. Saladin was undoubtedly moved by the threat to the Holy
Sites, which he had tried to protect by offering generous terms before the
start of the siege. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He agreed to consult
with his emirs about the offer, and after lengthy negotiations Ibelin secured a
surrender. This gave those trapped in the city forty days to raise a ransom
with which to buy their release. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The ransom
was set at ten dinars per man, five per woman, and two per child. While this
was ‘peanuts’ to the wealthy, for the poor and the masses of refugees who had
already lost everything, such a ransom was simply impossible. Wages in this
period ranged from between two and thirty-eight dinar <i>per year</i>.<a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a> How
was a widow with several children supposed to find nine, eleven or thirteen
dinar? Ibelin had recognized the problem immediately and haggling over a lump-sum
payment for the poor had drawn out the negotiations. Ibelin ultimately negotiated
Saladin down from a demand of 100,000 dinar for the entire population to a lump
sum of 30,000 dinar for 8,000 paupers, while the rest paid their own ransoms. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ibelin had
miscalculated. When the forty days were up, there were still roughly 24,000 inhabitants
unable to make the payment. Only 8,000 were covered by the 30,000 dinars Ibelin
had promised — funds paid, incidentally, by the Knights Hospitaller from money
deposited with them by Henry II of England. This left 16,000 paupers with no
ransom. Ibelin and the Patriarch offered to stand surety, while an effort was
made to raise the necessary ransoms from abroad. Saladin turned them down,
although as a gift he released one thousand poor without a ransom. Nevertheless,
roughly 15,000 Christians could not be ransomed and went into slavery. Their
fate is best described by Imad ad-Din in the following chilling passage: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><i><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Women
and children…were quickly divided up among us, bringing a smile to Muslim faces
at their lamentations. How many well-guarded women were profaned, how many queens
were ruled, and miserly women forced to yield themselves, and women who had
been kept hidden stripped of their modesty, and serious women made ridiculous,
and women kept private now set in public, and free women occupied, and precious
ones used for hard work, and pretty things put to the test, and virgins
dishonoured and proud women deflowered…and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untamed ones tamed, and happy ones made to weep!<a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[v]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr size="1" style="text-align: left;" width="33%" /><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i>The
Old French Continuation of William of Tyre. </i>Chpt. 49, 55.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Imad
ad-Din. <i>The Conquest of the Holy City</i>. Translated by Francesco Gabrieli
in <i>Arab Historians of the Crusades. </i>[Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1957] 154.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Ibn
al-Athir, The Perfect History. Translated by Francesco Gabrieli in <i>Arab
Historians of the Crusades. </i>[Berkeley: University of California Press,
1957] 140.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
These figures are very rough and involve multiple assumptions about exchange
rates. Nevertheless, they represent the best attempt to estimate wages and cost
of living in the Latin East undertaken by leading crusades archaeologist
Professor Adrian Boas of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. See: Boas, Adrian.
<i>Domestic Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to-Day
Activities in the Crusader States</i> [Leiden: Brill, 2010] 228.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[v]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Imad
ad-Din, 163.</span></span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-39522036741256628212022-07-11T02:30:00.003-07:002022-07-11T02:30:00.180-07:00The Usurper: Guy de Lusignan<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;"></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;">Last
week on the anniversary, I reviewed the battle of Hattin. The role
played by Guy de Lusignan in that defeat is clear, before continuing
with the history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem it is useful to look back
on the succession crisis that had made Guy de Lusignan king.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo-nXXjHgBrQIGwb4SiCsh1Z5RNx1ZyU11m0YEN5ujmXGaR4FnQ55hPCnsf9QfceUmbuPCF51VGcBzmZUJ56o7H3DOdyQ-ieud-RecAZmx5_xIc9GqK8iyrSG_tlIuaotvEc1U6pUpVIBy8PZZ2-53HH_c-Qgx2lKA1N_sIeui9rFtCQ32rV2R0Q5IqQ/s568/Coronation%20of%20Guy%20De%20Lusignan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="568" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo-nXXjHgBrQIGwb4SiCsh1Z5RNx1ZyU11m0YEN5ujmXGaR4FnQ55hPCnsf9QfceUmbuPCF51VGcBzmZUJ56o7H3DOdyQ-ieud-RecAZmx5_xIc9GqK8iyrSG_tlIuaotvEc1U6pUpVIBy8PZZ2-53HH_c-Qgx2lKA1N_sIeui9rFtCQ32rV2R0Q5IqQ/s320/Coronation%20of%20Guy%20De%20Lusignan.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">As soon as
Baldwin IV had been diagnosed with leprosy, it became clear that he would not marry or
sire children. His closest relatives were his sister Sibylla, who was two years
older than he, and his half-sister Isabella, the daughter of King Amalric by
his second wife, Maria Comnena. Isabella was only two years old at the time her
father died and eleven years younger than Baldwin. Although the laws and
customs of Jerusalem recognized female inheritance, heiresses were required to
marry so that a man could fulfill the military obligations that went with the
fief. This applied to the kingdom no less than to a barony or knight’s fief.
Thus, while Sibylla was recognized as the heir-apparent, the issue that preoccupied
the High Court was finding a suitable husband who would, as her consort, command
Jerusalem’s feudal army. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Efforts to find
a husband for Sibylla pre-dated the death of Amalric. The Archbishop of Tyre
was sent to France in 1171/2 and returned with Stephen de Sancerre, a
brother-in-law of the <b><span style="color: black;">Louis VII of France. After</span></b> only a few months
in the kingdom, however, Sancerre withdrew. His reasons can only be guessed. Given
the fact that Sibylla herself was still living in a convent and only thirteen
years old, it is unlikely that his decision had anything to do with her,
although she may have felt slighted.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The next candidate,
William de Montferrat, arrived in 1176 and married Sibylla in October. Sibylla,
then seventeen, became pregnant almost immediately. Unfortunately, Montferrat
died within less than a year, leaving Sibylla pregnant. She bore Montferrat a
posthumous son in August 1177. This made marriage to her less appealing to
future candidates, as her next husband had to accept that Montferrat’s son took
precedence over offspring of any second marriage. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The Count of
Flanders tried to arrange a marriage for Sibylla during his sojourn in the Holy
Land. Several sources suggest that he wanted to marry both Sibylla and her
sister Isabella to the sons of one of his vassals. These candidates offended
the King and the High Court as too lowly. The Kings of Jerusalem might not be
royalty of the first rank, but they were unquestionably more exalted than the
vassals of a count.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Next, King
Baldwin wrote to Louis VII of France, requesting that he select a suitable
nobleman to marry Sibylla. The French king chose Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, probably
to get this troublesome nobleman out of France. Burgundy was of suitable rank
and a mature man of thirty-seven, who had sired several sons by his first wife.
However, he failed to arrive; after the death of Louis VII, he decided his
future was in France not Jerusalem. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">As each
foreign candidate failed for one reason or another, sentiment for a marrying
Sibylla to a local nobleman grew. This solution avoided the need to beseech a
favor of a fellow monarch—and then trust in his judgment. It eliminated
embassies that were away for years. Best of all, it ensured that the candidate was
already adapted to the climate, the constitution and the circumstances of the
Kingdom. More than one of Sibylla’s barons may have contemplated the advantages
of marrying her himself or to his heir, but we know of only one concrete
contender: Baldwin d’Ibelin, Baron of Ramla/Mirabel. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Both the
Chronicle of Ernoul and William of Tyre’s history report that Baldwin harbored
hopes of marrying Sibylla at the latest by 1179, and possibly as early as 1177.
More astonishing, the rumors appear to have been so widespread that they made
it to the ears of Saladin and the Byzantine Emperor. At least, this is the most
logical explanation for Saladin asking a king’s ransom — literally twice the
ransom demanded for Baldwin II half a century earlier — when Ramla was captured
in a skirmish on the Litani known as Marj Ayun. It also explains why the
Byzantine Emperor was willing to pay much of it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">However, by
1180 Sibylla was twenty-one years old and had other ideas. At Easter she married,
in obvious haste, the third son of a Poitevan nobleman by the name of Guy de
Lusignan. Guy’s elder brother Aimery had been in the kingdom nearly a decade already
and had steadily advanced in royal service. He was competent, likeable and
respected. His younger brother Guy, however, arrived under a cloud. According
to the biographer of William Marshal, Guy and his older brother Geoffrey
attempted to kidnap Eleanor of Aquitaine. While she escaped, Guy (or his
brother) struck down the Earl of Salisbury — from behind. Salisbury was
allegedly unarmored at the time and in the act of mounting. It was an
unchivalrous act, and sharply condemned by contemporaries. Allegedly it made
Guy persona non grata in the Plantagenet court. Be that as it may, the younger
Lusignan had literally nothing to recommend him and the fact that the marriage
took place in a hurry without pomp during Easter Week all point to a scandal.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">William of
Tyre attempts to explain the haste of the marriage (which he reports) with
suspicions on the part of King Baldwin against the Count of Tripoli, Bohemond
of Antioch, and Baldwin of Ramla. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allegedly
the king feared these men conspired to marry Ramla to Sibylla and make Ramla
king in Baldwin’s stead. Yet Tyre also reports that the alleged conspirators peacefully
attended Easter services and then went their separate ways — astonishing
behavior for would-be usurpers. Furthermore, the Chronicle of Ernoul offers
another, far more credible explanation, namely that Guy seduced Sibylla, and
the hasty marriage was necessary to cover up the disgrace.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Whatever the
reasons for the marriage, Guy was promptly made Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, the
traditional title of the heir apparent, and in 1183 when Baldwin suffered one
of his recurring bouts of incapacitating fever, he named Guy de Lusignan regent
of the realm. Shortly afterwards, Saladin invaded and the largest feudal army
ever mustered in the history kingdom collected at Sephorie — and proceeded to
do nothing. While Tyre admits he heard conflicting explanations of why and could
not ‘fully ascertained the truth of the matter,’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> King
Baldwin blamed Guy de Lusignan for the sorry showing. Tyre reports: ‘Meanwhile
the king realized that in the conduct of affairs [in the recent campaign], the
Count of Jaffa…had shown himself far from wise or valiant. Through his
imprudence and general inefficiency, the condition of the kingdom had fallen
into an evil state.’<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Moreover, according to Tyre, ‘by the unanimous advice of the barons’, he
crowned his nephew, Sibylla’s son by William de Montferrat, co-monarch. Baldwin
then summoned the feudal army and the True Cross and marched out to lift the
siege of Kerak, which Saladin had undertaken with great vigor in the meantime. Saladin
withdrew rather than face the Leper King. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">On his return
to Jerusalem, Baldwin set out to find a means of dissolving his sister’s
marriage to Lusignan. Sibylla refused to cooperate and Lusignan was defiant,
going to the extreme of retreating behind the walls of Ascalon and refusing
entry to the king. Lusignan next attacked Bedouins under the king’s protection.
Yet Sibylla remained devoted to Guy, strong evidence that Ernoul’s version of
her marriage is accurate. To her death, Sibylla remained passionately attached
to Lusignan, hardly the behavior of a girl forced into a political marriage by
her panicked brother. The church sided with the ‘virtuous’ Sibylla; the barons
with the king. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile,
the king’s health continued to deteriorate. Baldwin could no longer ride. Indeed,
he could no longer use either his hands or his feet, and he was losing his
eyesight. He had to be carried in a litter when he led his army to relieve
Kerak in 1183 and again when he confronted Lusignan at Ascalon. He called a
council at Acre and turned over the rule of his kingdom to the Count of
Tripoli. It was also agreed that Tripoli would serve as regent for Baldwin V, who
was just six years old; the boy’s maternal uncle, the Count of Edessa, was
named his guardian. Last but not least, the barons swore that should Baldwin V die
before he came of age, they would ask the Kings of England and France, the Pope
and the Holy Roman Emperor to adjudicate the succession between Amalric’s
surviving children, the Princesses Sibylla and Isabella. In short, the
succession had not been satisfactorily resolved when on or around 15 April 1185
Baldwin IV succumbed to his illness, aged just 23.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">What happened
next amounted to a coup d’etat. The barons of the kingdom had sworn oaths to
consult Western leaders on who should succeeded Baldwin V. Even in the absence
of such an oath, the election of the successor to a deceased monarch had lain
with the High Court since the founding of the kingdom. The High Court had <i>not</i>
always selected strictly on the basis of primogeniture and it <i>had</i>
successfully imposed conditions on candidates. There was nothing ‘pro forma’ or
‘routine’ about the High Court’s role in selecting a monarch, and nothing
automatic about the elder of two sisters being selected to rule.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Thus, when Sibylla
persuaded the Patriarch of Jerusalem to crown her queen in the Holy Sepulcher,
both consciously acted in violation of the constitution of the kingdom because
Sibylla had neither been selected nor approved by the High Court of Jerusalem. She
was a usurper, and she knew it. She acted with the support of her closest
relatives — her maternal uncle titular Count of Edessa, her father-in-law by
her first marriage, William Marquise de Montferrat (who was not a baron of the
kingdom), her brother-in-law Aimery, and two avowed enemies of the acting
regent: the Master of the Knights Templar and the Lord of Transjordan, Reynald
de Châtillon. No other supporters of Sibylla are known by name.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Furthermore,
some of these and/or other unnamed supporters demanded that Sibylla divorce her
unpopular and distrusted husband Guy de Lusignan and take a new husband. Sibylla
agreed on the condition that she be allowed to choose her new husband. As soon
as she was crowned, she announced that she chose as her new husband Guy de
Lusignan. In short, she intentionally deceived her own supporters. Indeed, she
had to crown Guy herself because the Patriarch of Jerusalem was so shocked by
her duplicity that he refused to do so. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile, the
other members of the High Court were meeting in Nablus, having been summoned there
by the regent to discuss the succession. There was nothing inherently illegal
or suspicious about this venue. The High Court had met outside Jerusalem on
various other occasions, Nablus belonged to the royal domain, and it was
comparatively close to Jerusalem. What happened at Nablus also belies
accusations of treason on Tripoli’s part. When news reached Nablus that Sibylla
had been crowned queen, there was no effort to make Tripoli king in her stead.
Rather, the assembled barons, bishops and knights agreed to crown Princess
Isabella in Bethlehem. Because she had been selected by the High Court, Isabella
would have been the legitimate queen of Jerusalem had she been crowned.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">While the
idea of two rival queens may sound suicidal in light of the threat posed by
Saladin, it may not have been as risky as it sounds. If, as Ernoul claims, the overwhelming
majority of barons were at Nablus, then they could muster significantly more
troops than Sibylla’s supporters. In short, they stood a reasonable chance of
defeating known military incompetents such as Edessa, the younger Lusignan, and
the pig-headed Templar Master Gerard Rideford. Furthermore, horrible as civil
war sounds, it would in fact have been better than what happened under Sibylla
and Guy: the near obliteration of the entire kingdom in less than a year. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Isabella’s
coronation was prevented by her own husband. Isabella had been married since
the age of eleven to Humphrey de Toron, a youth little older than herself.
Toron is described in the chronicles variously as ‘cowardly and effeminate’<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
and ‘more like a woman than a man’ with ‘a gentle manner and a stammer.’<a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a> Although
present in Nablus, once the High Court had decided to recognize and crown his
wife, he slipped out in the dark of the night and went to Jerusalem where he
did homage to Sibylla and Guy. This act made it impossible for the High Court
to crown him king. Fourteen-year-old Isabella, however, could not rule alone;
she needed a consort to fulfill the feudal function of commanding the kingdom’s
armies. Humphrey’s homage to Sibylla therefore robbed his wife of a throne and
the High Court of a viable alternative to Sibylla and Guy. The majority caved
in and duly did homage to the usurpers. Two men did not: Baldwin Baron of
Ramla/Mirabel and Raymond Count of Tripoli.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The Baron of
Ramla/Mirabel had himself been a contender for Sibylla’s hand, which may
explain his bitterness and refusal to accept Lusignan as king. In front of his
peers, he refused to do homage to Guy, abdicated his entire inheritance in
favor of his infant son, and left both his lands and his son in the care of his
younger brother Balian before departing the kingdom. Ramla went to Antioch,
where he was welcomed, and then disappears from the pages of history. While his
action was dramatic, it did not weaken or endanger the kingdom particularly as
his brother was mature and capable of governing Ramla/Mirabel and leading its
troops.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Tripoli, on
the other hand, did not abdicate but rather withdrew to Tiberias on the Sea of
Galilee. This was the main city in the Principality of Galilee, which Tripoli
held by right of his wife. Guy responded by summoning the feudal army to invade
Galilee. Tripoli countered by requesting assistance from Saladin, which the
sultan graciously granted. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Although Guy
had provided the provocation by threatening an invasion, Tripoli’s pact with
Saladin was treasonous. The Principality of Galilee was a component part of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem and Tripoli had no right to make a separate peace with an
avowed enemy in order to preserve his control over it. Furthermore, Galilee sat
on the border with the Sultanate of Damascus and extended inwards almost to
Nazareth. His treaty with Saladin gutted the kingdom and made it indefensible,
not to mention removing the 100 knights of Galilee from the feudal levee. While
his refusal to acknowledge Guy as king was understandable and based on sound
legal principles, his treaty with Saladin was an action that endangered not
only the crown but every man, woman and child in the kingdom. It is not
defensible. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Balian
d’Ibelin offered to act as a mediator between Lusignan and Tripoli, but
Lusignan had meanwhile seized Beirut, another of Tripoli’s fiefs, and Tripoli
would not negotiate until Beirut was restored to him. In the midst of this
stand-off, Reynald de Châtillon broke the existing four-year truce with Saladin
by attacking a caravan traveling from Cairo to Damascus. Unlike earlier actions
by Châtillon, this does not appear to have had any strategic dimension to
justify it. When Lusignan ordered Châtillon to restore the prisoners and plunder
to Saladin, Châtillon flatly refused. Tellingly, Châtillon justified his action
with the assertion that he was absolute ruler of Transjordan and did not have
to take orders from the King in Jerusalem. This suggests Châtillon had backed
the usurpation of Lusignan precisely because he viewed Lusignan as so weak and
ineffectual that he could ignore him altogether. The kingdom that had
repeatedly rallied around the Leper King was disintegrating as a direct
consequence of the usurpation of Lusignan.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Saladin,
smelling blood, was quick to react. With the truce off, he gathered his
forces
for a full-scale invasion. In advance, he sent a reconnaissance in force
into
the kingdom. In accordance with the terms of his agreement with Tripoli,
he
demanded and received a ‘safe-conduct’ for his men to pass unmolested
through
Galilee. Near the springs of Cresson, this force encountered a small a
body of
Templars, Hospitallers and secular knights estimated at perhaps 120.
Although
greatly outnumbered, the Templar Master ordered an attack. The result
was the
slaughter of nearly every Frankish knight in the engagement. The sight
of
Templar heads on the lance tips of the victorious Saracen patrol as it
passed back
out of Galilee shook Tripoli. He agreed to come to terms with Lusignan.
When
the two men met, Tripoli went on his knees before Lusignan, and the
later
raised him up to embrace him. It was May 1187. Saladin's next invasion
was just around the corner. It could climax at the Battle of Hattin as
described last week. <br /></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Tyre, Book XXII, Chapter 27, 498.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Tyre, Book XXII, Chapter 27, 501.</span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div id="edn3">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Anonymous, <i>The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre</i> translated by
Peter Edbury as ‘The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade’ (Crusades
Texts in Translation) [Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998] chpt. 105, 96.</span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Anonymous, <i>Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi</i> translated by
Helen Nicholson as ‘The Chronicle of the Third Crusade’ (Crusades Texts in
Translation) [Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997] book 1, chapter 63, 122.</span></span></p>
</div>
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<![endif]--></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The bulk of this entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p class="MsoEndnoteText"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> Guy de Lusignan is a major character in the Jerusalem Trilogy.</span><br /></p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-7823912112696147622022-07-04T02:30:00.002-07:002022-07-04T02:30:00.194-07:00An Avoidable Defeat: The Battle of Hattin July 4, 1187<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">On
July 4, 1187 the Sultan Saladin destroyed a Christian army in what has
gone down in history at the Battle of Hattin. The victory was so
complete that it led almost immediately to the loss of nearly the entire
kingdom of Jerusalem. Yet there was not inevitable about that defeat.
Below is a summary of the campaign.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJC7MGuKM8dkRIcBmQb_yLaU9UGtJSTwf7jCAYlGbTmXsKbFm_oQdQD0tMfZkdEgzbZbcH01gH5YvGhEuk6yB1qELsee3UAOGhnkJGeUEH7npENN9wMBU1erWbcl3_y-F9fg1iCfAOkPe5WxNUHam6iznKwj3ArnrOK_iIe1QPAqCwgqTSZpKdTIxnw/s303/Christian%20defeat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="303" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJC7MGuKM8dkRIcBmQb_yLaU9UGtJSTwf7jCAYlGbTmXsKbFm_oQdQD0tMfZkdEgzbZbcH01gH5YvGhEuk6yB1qELsee3UAOGhnkJGeUEH7npENN9wMBU1erWbcl3_y-F9fg1iCfAOkPe5WxNUHam6iznKwj3ArnrOK_iIe1QPAqCwgqTSZpKdTIxnw/s1600/Christian%20defeat.jpg" width="303" /></a></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">On 27 June 1187
Saladin’s army crossed the Jordan. For his sixth incursion into the Kingdom of
Jerusalem, the sultan had mustered a force estimated at 30,000 regular troops
augmented by unknown numbers of volunteers motivated by <i>jihad</i>. The
Franks fielded their entire feudal army of 1,200 knights, including about 600
knights from the militant orders and 50 knights from Antioch. Notably, this army
included the full contingent of troops from Lusignan’s erstwhile insubordinate
barons of Tripoli and Transjordan. The Frankish knights were supported by an equal
or greater number of turcopoles and 18,000 infantry. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The Frankish
army mustered at the springs of Sephorie, which provided abundant water for the
entire force. Saladin led his army along the west bank of the Sea of Galilee to
besiege Tiberias. The city rapidly fell but the citizens and garrison withdrew
into the citadel, which was held by Raymond of Tripoli’s wife, Eschiva of
Tiberias. She sent word to the feudal army requesting relief. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Lusignan
called a council of war, as was customary in medieval armies, to discuss the strategy.
Although the Lady of Tiberias’ four adult sons pleaded passionately for the
army to lift the siege of Tiberias, the Lord of Tripoli recommended caution. He
urged the king to send to Antioch for more troops and suggested that meanwhile
the army should withdraw toward Acre. This, he argued, would lure the Saracens deeper
into the kingdom and expose them to the frustrations of heat, thirst and living
off the land. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Such a
strategy was totally at odds with the traditions of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The
Franks had either taken the offensive or drawn up their lines of defense as close
to the borders as practical. Tripoli’s strategy would also have exposed large
swaths of the kingdom to enemy action. Unsurprisingly, the suggestion met with outraged
rejection, particularly from his inveterate opponents Reynald de Châtillon and
the Templar Master Rideford. They called Tripoli a traitor and claimed his
advice was designed to benefit Saladin. Consensus was found around a third
option: staying at Sephorie and making Saladin come to them across the comparatively
arid plateau between the Sea of Galilee and Sephorie. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">During the
night, however, the Templar Master persuaded Lusignan to overturn the consensus
decision and instead to strike out across the barren plateau to relieve
Tiberias. No chronicler was in the tent with Lusignan and Rideford. We do not
and cannot know what was said or why. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, we know Rideford was a rash man, who apparently
knew only one <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>command: ‘attack’. Furthermore,
he had stolen money deposited with the Temple by King Henry II of England in
order to hire additional troops. While this initially gave him greater leverage
over Lusignan, it also meant he risked retribution from King Henry. German
historian Hans Eberhard Mayer argues: ‘[The theft] could be justified, and
Henry’s wrath cooled, only by a spectacular success such as could not be
achieved if the army simply sat it out at [Sephorie]….’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> King
Guy was receptive to the Templar’s advice because he had been severely
criticized for failing to seek battle in 1183. He seems to have believed a
major victory would bolster his fragile standing with his subjects while
inaction would damage it further.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">At dawn on 3
July 1187, Lusignan ordered the army to advance toward Tiberias. They <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>took the old Roman road to the springs of
Turan, which they reached before mid-day. Military historian John France argues
that at Turan the Franks would have been in an ‘unassailable position’ while yet
able cut Saladin off if he tried to move deeper into the kingdom. Had he
stopped here, Lusignan would have been acting wisely and within the agreed strategic
framework. Instead, he ordered the army to continue onto the plateau. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Saladin
thanked Allah. In a letter, Saladin wrote: ‘Satan incited Guy to do what ran
counter to his purpose.’<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Saladin rapidly sent light cavalry to cut the Franks off from retreat — and the
water at Turan. In addition, mounted archers harassed the rearguard relentlessly,
causing it to slow down. A gap opened between the main and the rear divisions.
Tripoli urged Guy to press forward to reach water at Hattin six miles away.
Guy, possibly influenced by the fact that Rideford was with the rearguard,
opted to camp where he was — without water anywhere at hand. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">During the
night, the rearguard caught up to the main force, but no one had any water.
Furthermore, they were now surrounded by enemy. The latter lit fires so that
smoke tormented the Franks. By morning, morale was breaking and there were some
desertions, but the bulk of the army resumed the march. Saladin’s army blocked
their way to water whether at Hattin to the north, the Sea of Galilee to the
east, or Turan to the West. Wisely, the sultan refrained from attacking until
his enemies were further weakened by heat and thirst as the sun climbed higher.
</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The Franks
needed to break through the Saracen encirclement in order to reach water, but all
accounts agree Lusignan had no coherent plan for doing so. We know from Arab
sources that the Franks undertook multiple charges, several of which were
viewed as extremely dangerous and one of which came close to reaching Saladin.
A charge led by the Count of Tripoli, possibly on orders from Guy, managed to
tear open the Saracen ranks. However, only the Count and a few of his knights
escaped before the Saracens closed the gap again, keeping the bulk of the army
trapped. Another charge led by Ibelin enabled the escape of a couple hundred knights
and maybe 3,000 infantry of the rearguard. Yet, none of these apparently
uncoordinated Frankish charges were sufficient to enable the entire army to
escape. Eventually, the Christian infantry broke and sought refuge on the
slopes of the hills. The bulk of the knights were forced to follow up the slope
— a hopeless position without water. Here, they were overwhelmed. The grueling
battle had lasted many hours in the burning heat of a Palestinian summer and
had been hard-fought, but Saladin’s victory was ultimately crushing. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The king and
almost all the barons of Jerusalem were taken prisoner, along with the
emotionally and symbolically important relic of the True Cross. There were so
many common prisoners that the price of slaves plummeted from Damascus to Cairo.
The Christian dead left to rot on the field were so numerous that years later
the field of bones still awed visitors. Yet the salient point about Hattin is
that defeat was not inevitable. Nor was not caused by factionalism or treason. All
the barons mustered and fought at Hattin. They gave their views in council, but
they followed Lusignan’s orders. Once they engaged, a massive charge was the
only viable option. The Franks made several. It was not ‘treasonous’ when
Tripoli and Ibelin partially succeeded, but ‘heroic’ when Châtillon and others failed.
</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Yet the
consequences of this defeat were catastrophic. Because the entire feudal army
had followed Guy’s summons, the castles and cities of the kingdom were denuded
of troops. Left behind were the elderly, women, children, invalids and clerics.
These had no chance of defending cities, and the rules of war were clear:
defiance justified slaughter, surrender enabled survival. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"> Saladin
wasted no time in following up on his victory. His army moved immediately for
Acre, thereby cutting the kingdom in two. He obtained Acre’s surrender just
four days after Hattin. Saladin then split his army in two, sending his brother
south with half his forces and turned north himself. He by-passed Tyre as too
hard a nut to crack quickly but obtained the surrender of Sidon on 29 July.
Beirut resisted and was put the sword on 6 August. Meanwhile, in the south
Saladin’s brother al-Adil captured Jaffa on 20 July after resistance, and the
citizens were slaughtered or enslaved. Gaza, Hebron, Nazareth, Sebasta, Nablus,
Bethlehem, Ramla and Ibelin fell in swift succession. By 4 September, Saladin
had joined his brother before Ascalon and the city surrendered to him on terms.
Only the great castles in Transjordan and the northern bastions of Belvoir and
Safad held out, while just two cities remained in Frankish hands: Tyre and
Jerusalem. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Mayer, Hans Eberhard. ‘Henry II of England and the Holy Land,’ in Kings and
Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. [Farnham: Variorum, 1994] 737.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
France, John. ‘Crusading Warfare in the Twelfth Century,’ in The Crusader World
edited by Adrian Boas [London: Routledge, 2016] 77.</span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><div id="edn3">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="EN-US">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i>The
Old French Continuation of William of Tyre. </i>Chpt. 49, 55.</span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></div><p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> The events leading up to the Battle of Hattin, the battle and the aftermath are described in detail in Dr. Schrader's novel</span></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK-rTZw1hauOjOMYvHoa6P3nUzfzheUfymuCfbkQnz6MJ-Gt9Nog_l877BNJmXQNIm2z_XNPESXzsv_0KRe_QszV2jvf7tDvUSe5AXOdhdzpET5bz-Lzzu9Qwoy4qe5U2w7blvjsGX1yxg7twYBhKPc4MEQ_9oka8mznhvOEpZahm0WPqUs6MZr4WXew/s1387/Cover%20w%20Awards.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK-rTZw1hauOjOMYvHoa6P3nUzfzheUfymuCfbkQnz6MJ-Gt9Nog_l877BNJmXQNIm2z_XNPESXzsv_0KRe_QszV2jvf7tDvUSe5AXOdhdzpET5bz-Lzzu9Qwoy4qe5U2w7blvjsGX1yxg7twYBhKPc4MEQ_9oka8mznhvOEpZahm0WPqUs6MZr4WXew/s320/Cover%20w%20Awards.jpg" width="209" /></a></div> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Defender-Jerusalem-Biographical-DIbelin-dIbelin/dp/1627872736/">Buy Now!</a><br /><p></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></p><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-52931350815168748532022-06-27T02:30:00.001-07:002022-06-27T02:30:00.176-07:00The Reign of the Leper King<p> <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;">King Amalric of Jerusalem died unexpectedly only two
months after Nur al-Din. He was only 38 years old and like Nur al-Din, Amalric
left a minor heir, a youth who had just turned 13. Unlike Nur al-Din’s death, Amalric’s
did not trigger a power struggle. None of Amalric’s vassals marched an army to
his capital city; none of his barons staged a coup that sent his legitimate heir
fleeing to the frontiers. On the contrary, although the constitution of
Jerusalem gave the High Court the authority to elect kings — almost inviting rivalries
and factionalism — consensus coalesced immediately around Amalric’s only son
Baldwin. The youth was crowned Baldwin IV just four days after his father’s
death. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhogZAD9Y2bcv03PnRnEy0AJslWtd7kYvjKkOeQF99awxfGtN9xNWefEP8lLj-o2v1OUUADlgrtZSN3V8bwhjsmI18SY6WiLhn9rDI15EyFltIc4tzqrUXBpu4EpOq5P-C8qLFd1lDf2F3HKUM4ATa3MHwg_8WSAfH76ToHwx60hkU208IneBp82KLKwg/s280/Baldwin%20IV%201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhogZAD9Y2bcv03PnRnEy0AJslWtd7kYvjKkOeQF99awxfGtN9xNWefEP8lLj-o2v1OUUADlgrtZSN3V8bwhjsmI18SY6WiLhn9rDI15EyFltIc4tzqrUXBpu4EpOq5P-C8qLFd1lDf2F3HKUM4ATa3MHwg_8WSAfH76ToHwx60hkU208IneBp82KLKwg/s1600/Baldwin%20IV%201.jpg" width="280" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hollywood's Baldwin IV from "The Kingdom of Heaven"</span></span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span style="font-family: Cabin;">Yet there was
a problem. Roughly four years earlier, Baldwin had lost the feeling in his
lower right arm. Although many doctors, including Arab doctors, had been
consulted, no one found a cure. The possibility that Baldwin was suffering from
leprosy was recognized, but not fully acknowledged at the time he ascended the
throne. This may be because he was not severely disfigured or handicapped at the
time of his father’s death. On the contrary, his face was not yet touched by
the disease. Furthermore, he had not only been tutored by one of the leading
scholars of the kingdom, he had received special riding instruction to enable
him to control his horse with his legs alone. His outward appearance was still
normal. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Even as his
condition deteriorated and the name of his condition could no longer be denied,
Baldwin IV was neither isolated nor forced to abdicate. The fact that the
Christian barons, bishops and commons were prepared to submit to a leper
astonished the Muslim world, while many today, familiar with horror stories
about lepers being ostracized and reviled, are baffled by Baldwin IV’s ability
to retain his crown. The explanation lies in the fact that the crusader kingdom
with its dominant Orthodox population was heavily influenced by Byzantine
traditions. These viewed leprosy not as a sign of sin and divine punishment but
rather as a sign of grace. By the 4th century AD, the sufferings of Job were
associated with leprosy, and leading theologians reminded the Christian
community that lepers too had been made in God’s image and were likewise redeemed
by Christ. Legends in which Christ appeared on earth as a leper were
popular, and the disease was referred to as ‘the Holy Disease.’ This was the
context in which Baldwin IV reigned.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Yet while these
attitudes explain why Baldwin was never repudiated, Baldwin himself deserves
credit for earning and retaining the loyalty of his subjects. Throughout his reign,
even as his capabilities and appearance deteriorated, Baldwin never faced rebellion
or insubordination. Nor was his reign characterized by exceptional factionalism,
as popular literature is prone to suggest. Nevertheless, the combination of his
deteriorating health and the need to find a suitable consort for his female
heir, his sister Sibylla, eventually brought the kingdom to its knees. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">During most
of Baldwin’s minority, the regency was held by his closest male relative on his
father’s side, Raymond Count of Tripoli. Tripoli was an able administrator, who
sought consensus and enjoyed excellent relations with his fellow barons, the
church and the military orders. He conscientiously negotiated a marriage for
Sibylla with William ‘Longsword’ de Montferrat, an eminently suitable Western
lord with close ties to the Holy Roman Emperor. In foreign and military affairs,
Tripoli was cautious, rapidly concluding a truce with Saladin that lasted a
year. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">On July 15,
1176 Baldwin IV took the reins of government into his own hands. He was just fifteen
and, perhaps due to his youth, proved far less circumspect than Tripoli. He
immediately chose a course of confrontation with Saladin. Taking advantage of
the fact that Saladin was attacking Aleppo, Baldwin personally led a raid into Damascene
territory within two weeks of coming of age and defeated forces under Saladin’s
brother Turanshah. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Baldwin also moved rapidly to renew ties with
Constantinople, sending an ambassador there in the fall of 1176. Behind his keen
interest in a Byzantine alliance lay Baldwin’s desire to pursue his father’s dream
of conquering Egypt. To further these ambitions, Baldwin IV accepted Byzantine
suzerainty on the same nominal terms as his father and furthermore accepted the
appointment of an Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem. The impending arrival of a substantial
crusading army under the Count of Flanders seemed the perfect opportunity for
the Kingdom of Jerusalem to again take the offensive. With Saladin not yet
firmly entrenched, prospects of success cannot be dismissed. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Before
anything could be undertaken, however, both Baldwin and his brother-in-law
became ill independently of one another. William de Montferrat died in June
1177, leaving behind a pregnant widow, and Baldwin had not yet recovered when Count
Philip of Flanders arrived in Acre two months later. Indeed, Baldwin was so ill
that he offered Flanders the regency of his kingdom. (Flanders, like Henry II
of England, was Baldwin’s first cousin, through a daughter of Fulk d’Anjou by
his first wife.) </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Astonishingly,
Flanders refused the regency of Jerusalem. Since Baldwin was still too ill to
command his own army, focus turned to finding an interim commander-in-chief capable
of leading the joint forces of Jerusalem, Flanders and Byzantium into Egypt. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Baldwin chose the infamous Reynald de Châtillon,
who had since married the heiress of Transjordan. However, Flanders again made
problems because he expected to become king of whatever territory was conquered
in Egypt; King Baldwin, however, had already agreed with the Byzantine Emperor
that they would divide conquered territories between them. Mistrust of Flanders
and his intentions led the Byzantines to angrily withdraw their fleet of
seventy ships. Flanders, too, promptly abandoned the Egyptian campaign and took
his troops to the Principality of Antioch in a huff. With him went the Master
and knights of the Hospital, the knights of the County of Tripoli and roughly
100 knights from the Kingdom of Jerusalem. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Saladin, who
had been gathering troops on his northern border to face a combined
Byzantine/Frankish/Flemish invasion found himself facing an infidel kingdom nearly
denuded of troops and led by a bed-ridden, teenage king. No ruler in his right
mind would have squandered such an opportunity. Saladin crossed into the
Kingdom of Jerusalem with an army estimated at 26,000 Turkish light cavalry,
including 1,000 Mamluks of Saladin’s bodyguard. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saladin’s intentions were unclear. Was this
just a particularly strong raid to destroy, harass and terrify? Or did the
Sultan hope to strike at Jerusalem itself and possibly put an end to the Christian
kingdom? </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The
inhabitants of Jerusalem were thrown into a panic. Many sought refuge in the
Tower of David because the walls of the city had been neglected in the decades
of Frankish military superiority. Saladin’s first target, however, was Ascalon
— the great bastion of Fatimid Egypt that had fallen into Frankish hands only a
quarter century earlier.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">King Baldwin,
who weeks earlier had been willing to appoint a deputy (Reynald de Châtillon,
Lord of Transjordan) to command his army for the invasion of Egypt, rose from
his bed and assembled every knight he could. The Bishop of Bethlehem brought out
the True Cross, a relic believed to be a fragment of the cross on which Christ
was crucified. Riding at the head of this small force, Baldwin made a dash to
Ascalon, arriving only hours before Saladin’s advance guard, on or about November
20. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Here, Baldwin
apparently issued the <i>arrière ban</i> — the call to arms for every able-bodied
man of the kingdom. With Saladin’s army enclosing Ascalon, however, it was
unclear where the troops should muster. The forces Baldwin had already collected, 357
knights, did not impress Saladin. Concluding that he could keep the king and
his paltry force bottled up in Ascalon with only a fraction of his own force,
Saladin with the main body of his troops proceeded north to Ramla on November
22 or 23. His advance units had already spread out, looting, raping and burning,
including the towns of Ramla, Lydda and Hebron. From Ramla, the main road lay wide
open to the defenseless Jerusalem. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Behind
Saladin, however, Baldwin sallied out of Ascalon. Rather than making a dash via
Hebron to Jerusalem to defend his capital, the Frankish king chose to shadow
Saladin’s army. With Saladin’s main force in Ramla, Baldwin mustered his army
in Ibelin roughly 16 kilometers (13 miles) to the south. Either here or
previously, he rendezvoused with the Templar Master at the head of eighty
Templar Knights and, one presumes, roughly equal numbers of sergeants and
turcopoles. The Templars had rushed south to defend their castle at Gaza only
for Saladin to by-pass it. At Ibelin, too, the commoners responding to the <i>arrière
ban </i>flooded in.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What Baldwin did next was not just courageous
it was tactically sophisticated: he marched his army onto a secondary road leading
to Jerusalem as if trying to slip past Saladin’s force at Ramla. Saladin took
the bait and pursued. Michael Ehrlich in his detailed analysis of the battle
based on both Frankish and Arab sources argues that by this feint Baldwin succeeded
in maneuvering Saladin onto marshy ground beside a small river at the foot of a
hill known as Montgisard. Here, as the Saracens crossed over the river, the
Franks reversed their direction and fell upon their ‘pursuers.’ Ehrlich notes
that: ‘In these conditions numerical superiority became a burden rather than an
advantage. It demanded additional efforts to maneuver the trapped army, which
fell into total chaos.’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">What followed
was a complete victory for the Franks. The Sultan’s army was routed and fled in
disorder. Many of Saladin’s troops were captured by pursuing Franks, others by
local villagers set on revenge after the rape and pillage of Saladin’s
marauding troops in the days before. Some of the fleeing Turks made it as far
as the desert only to be captured and sold into slavery by the Bedouins, who
also took advantage of Saladin’s defeat to plunder his baggage train left at
his base camp of al-Arish. Saladin barely escaped with his life, fleeing on a
pack camel and arriving in Cairo without either his army or his baggage. Not
until his victory at Hattin did Saladin feel he had wiped out the shame of
Montgisard. The cost to the Franks may have been as much as 1,100 dead and 750
wounded, but these numbers have been questioned and certainly were not
corroborated by other sources. Certainly, no nobles were killed and very few if
any knights.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Modern
historians following Arab sources give Reynald de Châtillon credit for this
astonishing victory. The Arabs, however, didn’t have a clue who was commanding
at Montgisard, much less who had devised the strategy. Historians have also
been mislead by the fact that Baldwin appointed Châtillon his ‘executive regent’
<i>while he was so ill that he did not believe he could personally campaign. </i>However,
according to William of Tyre who was an intimate of Baldwin IV and his
chancellor, the terms of Châtillon’s appointment were that he should
command the royal army
only <i>in the absence </i>of the king<i>. </i>Once Baldwin took the field — as he
did most certainly did at Montgisard — that appointment was null and void. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The two
contemporary Christian chronicles of the battle based on eye-witness accounts both
identify King Baldwin as the commander of the overall army, while one adds the
detail that the Baron of Ramla led the vanguard <i>in accordance with the
custom of the kingdom.</i> The latter point is important as it makes it clear
Ramla’s prominence was not invented by the chronicler after the fact. According
to the custom of the kingdom, command of the vanguard always fell to the baron in
whose territory a battle was fought; Montgisard was in the lordship of Ramla. Ehrlich
also points out that the entire victory at Montgisard was predicated on
superior knowledge of the terrain and the ability to maneuver Saladin into a
disadvantageous geographic position. He summarizes: ‘Led by a local lord, who
certainly knew the terrain better than anybody else on the battlefield, the Frankish
army managed to defeat the Muslim army, in spite of its initial superiority.’<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> Regardless
of who masterminded the strategy that led to victory, the seventeen-year-old
king, who had appeared on death’s door only weeks before, took sound advice, accepted
risks, and <i>rode</i> with his troops although he could not wield a weapon. Is
it any wonder that his subjects loved and trusted him thereafter?</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Perhaps this astonishing
and dramatic victory went to Baldwin’s head. One year later, in October 1178, he
ordered the construction of a major castle at the ford across the Jordan known
as ‘Jacob’s Ford.’ This was a vital strategic position, less than a day’s ride
from Damascus at the gateway to Galilee, but it was also, at least from the Saracen
point of view, on Saracen territory. Saladin first tried to bribe Baldwin into stopping
work, offering a reported 100,000 dinars for him to dismantle the work already
done. When Baldwin refused the bribe, Saladin attacked. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arab sources report that Saladin was so
determined to destroy this castle that ‘he tore at the stones with his own
hands.’<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">By the summer of 1179, t</span></span></span></span>he
castle, although garrisoned by the Templars and functional, was not complete. The
outer works, the second ring of what should have been a concentric fortress
similar to Crak de Chevalliers, were still under construction. In early
September 1179 Saladin attacked. The castle was undermined, parts of the walls collapsed, and
the Templar commander threw himself into the flames as the Saracens broke in. The
garrison and the construction workers were slaughtered and the wells poisoned —
too soon it seems. Almost at once illness overwhelmed Saladin’s army, killing ten
of his emirs and an unknown number of his troops. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Although the
loss ‘Jacob’s Ford’ is often pointed to as the ‘beginning of the end’ of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem, that judgement seems heavily colored by hindsight. The
destruction of an incomplete castle built on Saracen territory did no more than
re-establish the status quo ante. Saladin did not try to occupy and control the
castle nor to build his own fortress at this location. Furthermore, he agreed
to a two-year truce shortly afterwards. Yet there can be no question that for both
the Sultan and the King the gauntlet had been thrown down and picked up; both were
bent on hostilities. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Throughout
the early 1180s, the Saracens made repeated raids on the borders of the kingdom
and the audacity of these raids seemed to increase. In addition to this
small-scale border raiding, Saladin undertook major campaigns against the
Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1182, 1183 and 1184. The campaign of 1182 was a
full-scale invasion and the Franks, still commanded by Baldwin IV in person, defeated
Saladin’s army at a day-long battle in intense heat at Le Forbelet. Although
this was not the rout Montgisard had been, it was more than enough.
Furthermore, Saladin’s better showing had more to do with Saladin having learned
a lesson at Montgisard than with Frankish weakness. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The following
year, Saladin again undertook a full-scale invasion, crossing the Jordan on
September 29. The Franks mustered a huge army, allegedly numbering 1,300
knights and 15,000 foot. Saladin successfully raided round-about, and there
were casualties on by sides in various skirmishes, but the decisive
confrontation failed to materialize before Saladin was compelled by logistical
factors to withdraw across the Jordan. The remaining two Saracen incursions
prior to the campaign that led to the Battle of Hattin were both attempts to
capture the border fortress of Kerak. In both cases Saladin broke off his siege
as soon as a Frankish field army came to the relief of Kerak. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Yet it would
be wrong to picture the Kingdom of Jerusalem as besieged and on the defensive throughout
this period. King Baldwin personally led raids into Damascene territory in late
1182. In addition, Reynald de Châtillion twice initiated offensive operations,
once striking at Tarbuk (1181-1182) and the next year launching ships in the
Red Sea. Bernard Hamilton argues compellingly that both of these operations —
far from being the actions of a ‘rogue baron’ intent on disrupting the
(non-existent) peace for his own gain — had clear strategic aims. In the first
case, the raid prevented Egyptian forces from reinforcing Saladin in his
campaign against Aleppo and in the second case embarrassed him with his Muslim
subjects during his campaign against Sunni Mosul. Baldwin IV had wisely concluded
a ten-year alliance with Mosul that included substantial payments to the Franks.
</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Thus, when we
look back on the reign of Baldwin IV (1174-1185) we see that Baldwin won all
but one of the confrontations with Saladin in which he personally took part.
(He was bested on the Litani in 1179, shortly before Saladin destroyed the
castle at Jacob’s Ford). Furthermore, as late as the autumn of 1182, Baldwin
was still leading raids into Damascene territory — on horseback. However, between
phases of apparent vigor, Baldwin also had bouts of weakness when he was
bedridden and seemed on the brink of death. These are recorded in the summer of
1177, in the summer of 1179, and again the summer of 1183. These bouts of illness
were probably not, or only indirectly, related to his leprosy. Tyre refers to
them as fevers, and the cyclical nature of the attacks suggests they may have
been malaria. Yet, in addition to these periods of debilitating weakness, Baldwin
IV was also disintegrating before the eyes of his subjects. He was dying a
little more each day. Despite both these weaknesses, Baldwin’s reign would not
appear one of increasing vulnerability were it not for a single fact: the
succession had not been adequately resolved. It was the crisis over Baldwin’s <i>successor</i>
that ultimately tore the kingdom apart — and then only after Baldwin himself
had found eternal peace. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ehrlich, Michael. ‘Saint Catherine’s Day Miracle — the Battle of Montgisard,’
in <i>Medieval Military History, Vol. XI</i> [Woodbridge: Boydell, 2013] 105.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn2">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ehrlich, 105.</span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn3"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Barber, Malcolm. ‘Frontier Warfare in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: The
Campaign of Jacob’s Ford, 1178-179’ in <i>The Crusades and their Sources</i>,
editors John France and Willaim G. Zajac. [Farnham: Ashgate, 1998] 14.</span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p class="MsoEndnoteText"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> </p><p> </p></div>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-2906289668464911732022-06-20T02:30:00.001-07:002022-06-20T02:30:00.199-07:00The Revival of Jihad and the Rise of Saladin<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ironically, just
when the crusader states started acting like secular powers with no particular religious
raison d’ d’être, religious war, <i>jihad</i>, enjoyed a revival in the Muslim
powers of the Middle East. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjRBnl0_qffIJAoZFJR8JrXo_uzWH6NOkZwMF9kfopKQwJta5ZuamAdXp1532PbMlk2yLKKmcljKUyyiENhT4a-RJAM9XBe4ngR3-2MYviGXiMaK6_N46or4vE5Aq0ijV5V9O_7sViRue1XVpPR6bXwdK5DrOzgq_BwJk9T3L6L761p8ZBjk3q0O8rA/s283/Turks.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="283" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOjRBnl0_qffIJAoZFJR8JrXo_uzWH6NOkZwMF9kfopKQwJta5ZuamAdXp1532PbMlk2yLKKmcljKUyyiENhT4a-RJAM9XBe4ngR3-2MYviGXiMaK6_N46or4vE5Aq0ijV5V9O_7sViRue1XVpPR6bXwdK5DrOzgq_BwJk9T3L6L761p8ZBjk3q0O8rA/s1600/Turks.jpg" width="283" /></a></span></div><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Zengi had at times employed the language of <i>jihad</i>
to justify his conquests, but contemporaries and historians agree that Zengi was
not motivated by religious zeal. Rather, he cynically used calls for <i>jihad</i>
to motivate the masses. His son Nur al-Din, in contrast, did not simply trot
out jingoistic slogans against ‘polytheists’ and ‘pigs,’ he systematically
supported Sunni orthodoxy. This included support for religious institutions,
particularly <i>madrasas</i>. The latter were colleges of higher education
dedicated to the study of Islamic theology and law. Madrasas proliferated in
Nur al-Din’s domains and provided much of the intellectual underpinning for his
wars against both the ‘heretical’ Shias and against the Christians. The
madrasas fostered a generation of Islamic scholars dedicated to <i>jihad</i>,
and capable of providing the military elites with beautifully worded and
meticulously argued religious justifications for the aggression they wished to
undertake anyway. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nur al-Din was
adept, indeed masterful, in employing every conceivable media for jihadist
rhetoric — whether in personal letters, sermons, inscriptions on tombs and
buildings, or poetry. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By all these
means, Nur al-Din beat the drum of <i>jihad</i>, calling on his subjects to push
the infidel into the sea and ‘restore’ Muslim control of Palestine,
particularly Jerusalem. It is hardly incidental that this propaganda also
emphasized the need for religious and political unity as a prerequisite of success.
Jihad justified the suppression of dissent within Islam and the eradication of domestic
political opponents as well as war against rival Muslim powers. Thus, the
pursuit of jihadist goals justified both external aggression and internal
oppression. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To be fair, Nur
al-Din did not just preach jihad, he also lived according to Islamic principles.
As a ruler, he founded and sponsored hospitals, orphanages, bathhouses and
mosques, while also placing great emphasis on ruling justly. As an individual
he prayed, listened to readings of the Koran, abstained from alcohol, and forbade
music and dancing in his court and camp. William Archbishop of Tyre called Nur
al-Din ‘a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith’ but acknowledged
his fundamental piety by noting <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>he ‘was
a just prince, valiant and wise, and, according to the traditions of his race,
a religious man.’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
Indeed, according to the Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch (Michael I Rabo, 1166-1199),
Nur al-Din ‘considered himself like Muhammed, and was waiting for the Lord to
speak to him as he had to Moses.’<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> Nur
al-Din’s death was allegedly welcomed by many of his subordinates who resented his
puritanical Islam and disliked the fact that prayer had banished music, dance
and wine. His death was also welcomed by Saladin, albeit for very different
reasons. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Saladin,
namely, had come to power in Egypt without the approval of his sultan and he
was in trouble with him. Nur al-Din had, to be sure, sent his trusted Kurdish
emir Shirkuh to Cairo, and Shirkuh’s murder of the Fatimid vizier Shawar been
in Nur al-Din’s interest. Shirkuh’s coup enabled a Sunni to seize control of
the Fatimid state, making it only a matter of time before the Shia caliph also disappeared.
</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Saladin’s
coup on the death of his uncle Shirkuh, on the other hand, was not sanctioned
by Nur al-Din. Saladin had been elected by the emirs in Egypt, a majority of
which were Kurds, without consulting the sultan’s wishes. Furthermore, the
election took place before a background of threatening crisis. Despite
Shirkuh’s coup, the Egyptian bureaucracy and military remained intact and many
of these men were still loyal to the Fatimids. The Frankish threat also
remained real after five successive invasions, several of which had come close
to taking Cairo. Both factors made the rapid election of a new vizier essential.
Sending to Nur ad-Din in Damascu for his advice or approval did not seem
practical. Saladin proved to be the candidate on whom everyone could agree,
although by no means enthusiastically. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Yet Saladin’s
rule was far from secure. He had to ruthlessly suppress a revolt by the Nubian
troops, burning their families alive, to force them to withdraw from Cairo in
exchange for their lives — only to betray them and slaughter them anyway. He
then billeted his own troops in their former barracks for his own safety.
Clearly, the situation remained volatile until another timely death came to
Saladin’s rescue: the Fatimid Caliph died. This enabled Saladin, officially the
caliph’s chief officer and protector, to simply end the ‘heretical’ caliphate.
Saladin blandly announced to the caliph’s son and should-be successor that his
father ‘had not made a bequest that recognized him as his successor.’<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>
Indeed, Saladin had not even waited for the critically ill caliph to die. He
had ordered the imams in the mosques of Cairo to substitute the Sunni caliph for
the Fatimid one in their Friday prayers a week <i>before</i> the caliph’s death.
The Egyptian people, tired of war, acquiesced in the change of religion as well
as the change of ruler.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nur al-Din,
on the other hand, might welcome the extermination of the Fatimid Caliphate,
but he was alarmed by Saladin’s increasingly independent behavior. He rightly suspected
that Saladin no longer viewed himself the Sultan’s servant, but rather as his
equal and rival. To reassert his authority, Nur al-Din ordered Saladin to
assist in a campaign against the Frankish castle of Kerak. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Saladin feared
that if he showed up, he would be arrested or otherwise removed from his lucrative
position in Cairo. So, he told Nur al-Din that there were rumors of Shia plots
against him and if he left Cairo, it would fall back into the hands of the ‘heretics.’
While undoubtedly a convenient excuse, Saladin may not have been fabricating
these rumors. A plot was uncovered hatched by pro-Fatimid elites, who hoped to
drive Saladin and his Kurdish/Turkish troops out of Egypt with the help of the
Sicilians and the Franks. The plot was foiled by a traitor in their ranks, and Saladin
had the traitors arrested, killed and crucified. Despite this action against
the known traitors, Saladin remained sufficiently insecure to dismiss all Jews
and Coptic Christians from his bureaucracy.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Yet no matter
how real the threats, Nur al-Din didn’t believe they were the reason Saladin
consistently failed to obey orders. By early 1174, Nur al-Din’s patience had
run out. He prepared an invasion of Egypt to bring Saladin to heel. Saladin,
however, was saved yet again by a timely death. Nur al-Din fell mortally ill
before he could embark on his campaign and died on 15 May 1174. He left behind
a nine-year-old boy, al-Salih, as his heir.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The competition
between the various Seljuk princes for control of Nur al-Din’s empire began at
once. Saladin was only one of several contenders, and at this point in time he gave
no indication of being more moral or more religious than any of the others.
Indeed, from this point forward until shortly before his death, Saladin was
predominantly preoccupied with fighting his Sunni Muslim rivals. Furthermore,
throughout his career, Saladin relied heavily upon nepotism. He consistently
appointed family members to positions that controlled fiscal and military
resources, an indication of fundamental insecurity. Although he gained control
of Damascus bloodlessly and rapidly in October 1174, al-Salih took refuge in
Aleppo and remained a rallying point for dissatisfied subjects and emirs. It was
1183 before al-Salih died and Saladin could take Aleppo. Even then, he faced
serious opposition from Mosul, which remained in the hands of the Zengid
dynasty. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">As seen from
Jerusalem, however, Saladin was the greatest threat to the Kingdom since its
inception. Hostility between Shia Egypt and Sunni Damascus represented a
fracture in Dar al-Islam in the Middle East that the Franks had been able to
exploit. To have the vast financial resources of Cairo controlled by the same
hostile power that held near-by Damascus was inherently threatening. What made
the situation even more dangerous was that Saladin continued Nur al-Din’s policy
of publicly and ardently expounding <i>jihad</i>. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Whether Saladin
pursued <i>jihad</i> from conviction or expediency is controversial. Was jihad
only a means to distract his subjects from his usurpation of power and his
Kurdish extraction? Christopher Tyreman argues that Saladin was ‘a conquering
parvenue with no legitimacy,’ who ‘needed to demonstrate his religious
credentials … through overt performance of Koranic models [including] dedication
to the culture of jihad.’ He argues that ‘regardless of Saladin’s private
beliefs’ his political situation required him to behave like a model Islamic
leader.<a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a> Other
historians go even further, suggesting that the promotion of <i>jihad</i> by
Saladin’s regime did not originate with him at all, but was rather the work of
his sophisticated bureaucracy, manned by the graduates of Nur al-Din’s
madrasas. Contemporary Muslim critics of Saladin such as al-Wahrani depict
Saladin’s court in Egypt in 1177 as wanton and rife with drunkenness and
homosexuality. Then again, accusations of sexual misconduct, intemperance and
hedonism were standard, almost interchangeable charges routinely used to discredit
Muslim and Christian rulers alike, particularly by their respective clerical
opponents. Last but not least, many have pointed out that if Saladin had died
in 1185, that is before the conquest of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, he would be
remembered as nothing more than one of countless petty Middle Eastern despots, struggling
to establish a dynastic empire by means of bribery, murder, and warfare. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">We will never
know Saladin’s motives, but without doubt he used the language of jihad to
unite and motivate his subjects. Furthermore, in the last fifteen years of his
life he sought to live in accordance with Sharia law. There is evidence that
Saladin experienced a religious epiphany after an attempt on his life in 1176,
and possibly a reaffirmation of his religious convictions in 1185. Like Nur
al-Din before him, he built mosques, libraries and madrasas. He gave generously
to pious causes and charities. He abolished unlawful taxes, even when this
reduced his own revenues. He reformed his personal life to conform with Sunni
orthodoxy — and he embraced <i>jihad</i>. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">His secretary
and biographer, Baha ad-Din, who knew Saladin intimately, claims: ‘Saladin was
very diligent and zealous for jihad… [H]is love and passion for it, had taken a
mighty hold on his heart and all his being…. In his love for the jihad on the
path of God he shunned his womenfolk, his children, his homeland and all his pleasures….’<a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Baha al-Din claims that Saladin told him directly:
‘…when God grants me victory over the rest of Palestine I shall divide my
territories, make a will stating my wishes, then set sail for their far-off
lands and pursue the Franks there, so as to free the earth of anyone who does
not believe in God, or die in the attempt.’<a href="#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Tyre, Book XX, Chapter 31, 394.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Barber, Malcolm. <i>The Crusader States</i>. [New Haven: Yale University Press,
2012] 261.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Philipps, Jonathan. <i>The Life and Legend of the Sultan Saladin</i>. [New
Haven: Yale University Press, 2019] 71.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Tyreman, Christopher. <i>The World of the Crusades: An Illustrated History</i>.
[New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019] 167.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[v]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad. <i>The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin</i>
translated by D.S. Richards. [Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002] 28.</span></span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Gabrielli, Francesco. Arab Historians of the Crusades. [Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1957] 101.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Helena P. Schrader is also the author of six books set in the Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades:</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/s1850/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1850" data-original-width="1225" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_7EBTObF1y6jwXp7hxK0eX69qUeaGxoCNu19rMhFd7hFai9Uv3TR6Rd6UZZinUciyOpcOGOQIO2rJUFY_MKKOa8js0EctZKeOIPpAtjn06aJD35Ak4hqkv86hKsoQLuqES755vjXRINsO/w136-h205/FINAL+Front+Cover.jpg" width="136" /></a></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1387" data-original-width="908" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8SXpI8HVf4rL_5T88a3efRyyU-nhCDVE-GeCEBuA6oHE4c6pUlCivo4cU7Pl79TUmOtKusuRhf9MGk1G8Uk8X10zA2KHXJz3dNxm0G9bp6OvhoA-DmTkygZy7qfIkdoCMHXlDN0yUi0yL/s200/Cover+w+Awards.jpg" width="130" /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s1600/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="173" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuUVBcNvbRef2v3tMs1oiOHBa3LwIKHqf7Gk9Us5uT_sr5UMnaod-1-g0wza28pIGyijaOlZ-Ot1PkwYVu8eBtWOvNF2H7yke_s8-nIjLHTz47Z69ZyZXmVdP0N1ZF6CtamGPFwXqjNZf1/s200/With+Readers+Favorite.jpg" width="132" /></span></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s1600/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzDRbsegkch8DDMipHqzjqUbm6pi22Icp0Lfo4AgENon7CfT9frPURo854nBmTdq6B_Nym7qKiKs0llyWRSh7q_Y7zQ_q8LyB2wShkyPvcW9deIxDgmKlQD7sSqywXhiD1MW3aWlStlA5m/s200/ESB-FINALwithlogo.jpg" width="133" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s1600/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="198" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg432pUKeTgAuujuVfIYQ1NSL-DvcI6sHg7cHNOegEiLK0i9ENWcnsWfwvBtiEN5jlzg5i6vJyMLq8sVIuZa4HO2pajMSmYE7jjoeE6oLqwffFNOOo6f37e1clFeV08ntQ_YTxH36ccnIvB/s200/Rebels+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s1600/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="320" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjds8jci5kdkXFm3zkUl3ihQiWMjQImEk_9WRgAV4xy_XurdnGG602izkvVugBI80NwBA3QnJ63OjPP6qrtjPT2_V7jzSmBUO3ZP4rXxEN1kR_r_6vYtajkGDfA8ayI0O4SL4YQuTH1Qvo/s200/LCK+w+BRAG+-+SMALL.png" width="132" /></span></a></div></div><p> </p>
</div>
</div>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-89444397431903204652022-06-13T02:30:00.001-07:002022-06-13T02:30:00.181-07:00Consolidation and Cooperation with Constantinople<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>Despite the
loss of Edessa, the heartland of the crusader states was remarkably robust and
resilient throughout this period.</span></span></span></p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqWxfkNvsjindGJv6EXHThjk6R7V6nnVJ6w8tI5glHuqgxdgfJGjmbNeEl_vHqbuhRUktuFwKJ_MvjPhqiZ8IPTEZoJyhrhZGNNJZMvGAVyCkar3uCR3dcvh8Eh_5eoxuBYNQABTi8pCQX61TpCeFL4lSEcms3EYQyjx-5j-Ar557vw-ZZUG3XNrjvQA/s954/Fulques%20and%20Melisende.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="954" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqWxfkNvsjindGJv6EXHThjk6R7V6nnVJ6w8tI5glHuqgxdgfJGjmbNeEl_vHqbuhRUktuFwKJ_MvjPhqiZ8IPTEZoJyhrhZGNNJZMvGAVyCkar3uCR3dcvh8Eh_5eoxuBYNQABTi8pCQX61TpCeFL4lSEcms3EYQyjx-5j-Ar557vw-ZZUG3XNrjvQA/s320/Fulques%20and%20Melisende.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin:0in;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span style="font-family: Cabin;">Baldwin II, who had no sons, was succeeded at
his death in 1131 by his eldest daughter Melisende without controversy. She had
married Fulk d’Anjou in 1129, and he was crowned co-regent with her in the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The hereditary Count of Anjou, Fulk had taken the
cross and served as an associate, temporary member of the Templars in the Holy
Land in 1119-1121. After his heir Geoffrey married the daughter and heiress of
King Henry I of England, the widowed Fulk abdicated Anjou in favor of his son
and agreed to marry Melisende.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Jerusalem
experienced and weathered its first serious constitutional crisis when Fulk
tried to sideline his wife and co-regent Queen Melisende. The barons of
Jerusalem suspected him of wanting to alienate the crown for a younger son from
his first marriage and solidly backed Queen Melisende. Likewise, the
ecclesiastical lords remained staunchly loyal to the queen. Insinuations of
infidelity failed to undermine her position because the rumors were (rightly) dismissed
as an attempt by her husband to discredit her. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the end, a man famed for his ability to
bring rebellious vassals to heel was forced to respect his wife’s position of equal
power. So much so, that William of Tyre writes: ‘But from that day forward, the
king became so uxorious that, whereas he had formerly aroused [his wife’s]
wrath, he now calmed it, and not even in unimportant cases did he take any
measures without her knowledge and assistance.’<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">
<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></a></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Furthermore,
once a working relationship had been established between the co-monarchs, they
worked together as an effective team. A natural division of labor evolved in
which King Fulk focused on military and foreign affairs, while Queen Melisende
managed the domestic administration of the kingdom. Due to Melisende’s status
as ruling monarch (not merely queen-consort), there was no disruption in
government when King Fulk died in a hunting accident 10 November 1143. Melisende
continued to rule, now jointly-with her son Baldwin III, who was just 13 at the
time of his father’s death. Although the kingdom was briefly roiled when in
1152 Baldwin resolved to push his mother aside and take sole control of government,
the crisis was rapidly resolved without international or security
repercussions. Baldwin III reigned until 1163, when he died childless, and was
succeeded by his brother Amalric. Amalric was required to set aside his wife
Agnes de Courtenay before the High Court would recognize him as king, but once
he complied with this requirement, his succession was seamless and rapid. The
kingdom remained stable. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Throughout
this period, from 1131 when Melisende and Fulk were crowned until the death of
Amalric in 1174, the Kingdom of Jerusalem enjoyed a period of peace and
prosperity characterized by economic growth and development, the expansion of
trading ties, the evolution of sophisticated judicial and financial systems, and
decisive military superiority. It has been calculated that Muslims attacked <i>twelve
times</i> <b>less</b> often during this period than in the first fifteen years
of the kingdom’s existence. Furthermore, most major battles were ‘waged on
Muslim ground in proximity to centres of Muslim population, and most ended in a
decisive victory for the Franks.’<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> Frankish
superiority on the battlefield was so great that for most of this period the
Saracens tried to avoid battle altogether. They preferred surprise raids on
what we would call ‘soft’ targets. Furthermore, the Frankish army could muster
and deploy so rapidly, that if Saracen raids ran into resistance, they broke
off the attack before the kingdom’s military force could be brought to bear. Warfare
of these period was, therefore, characterized by short raids of limited scope.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The exception
to this was the Frankish capture of Ascalon in 1153 after an eight-month siege.
This represented a major defeat for the Fatimids, who had invested heavily in holding
on to the city. Ascalon was a base for the Egyptian fleet and as soon as it was
lost to them, all the Frankish cities to the north became more secure as did merchant
shipping in the Eastern Mediterranean. Furthermore, Ascalon had been a base for
lightning raids into the interior of the kingdom, reaching as far as Hebron. To
protect the surrounding region against these raids, in the early 1140s King
Fulk ordered the construction of four major castles: Gaza, Blanchegarde, Bethgibelin,
and Ibelin. At the same time (1142) the Baron of Transjordan built on Roman
foundations the mighty castle of Kerak southeast of the Dead Sea. These
castles, far from being indications of weakness and fear, represented the
self-confidence of the Franks. They were bastions for projecting power, not places
of refuge. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The growing
importance and viability of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was also reflected in a
shift in Byzantine foreign policy. Up to this time, Constantinoples’ relations
with the crusader states were based on demands for submission to Byzantine
suzerainty. While these claims were more formal or nominal in the case of
Jerusalem itself, Byzantine efforts to regain control of Antioch were tenacious
and largely successful, forcing the Princes of Antioch to recognize the Emperor
as their overlord. Then, in 1155, the new Prince of Antioch, Reynald de Châtillon,
provoked the just ire of Constantinople by raiding the Byzantine island of
Cyprus and engaging in an orgy of savagery including the mutilation of
prisoners, extortion, rape, pillage, and destruction. Although Châtillon was
condemned by the Latin Church and Baldwin III of Jerusalem, his behavior
reinforced existing Byzantine prejudices against the Latin Christians as ‘barbarians.’
Yet his savagery also surprisingly provoked change. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">While Emperor
Manuel I collected a large army to march against Châtillon, Baldwin III signaled
agreement with the need to teach the violent Prince of Antioch a lesson.
Châtillon rapidly recognized that he was trapped and friendless. In a dramatic
gesture, he Manuel barefoot and bareheaded with a noose around his neck to
symbolize his complete surrender to the Byzantine Emperor. After this incident,
Manuel concluded that Baldwin III was worth cultivating. What followed were a
series of strategic alliances symbolized by royal weddings. Two of Manuel’s
nieces married successive Kings of Jerusalem (Theodora married Baldwin III in
1158 and Maria married Amalric I in 1167), and Manuel himself married Maria,
the daughter of the Prince of Antioch in 1161. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">One can see
these marriages as a conscious attempt to civilize and subtly influence policy
in Western courts, but Manuel was also willing to ransom prominent crusader
lords languishing in Muslim captivity. Ransoming prominent prisoners created
ties of gratitude, while also serving as public relations gestures that earned
respect and admiration from the public at large. Thus, Manuel ransomed even his
archenemy Reynald de Châtillon, as well as Bohemond III of Antioch and paid a
king’s ransom (literally) for Baldwin d’Ibelin, the Baron of Ramla and Mirabel.
Yet without doubt the most important feature of Manuel’s co-operative policies
with the crusader states were a series of joint military operations. These
included action against Nur ad-Din in 1158-59, an invasion of Egypt in 1167-68,
and a joint siege of Damietta 1169. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The
Frankish-Byzantine invasion of Egypt in 1167-68 was only one in a series of five
military interventions in Egypt undertaken by King Amalric between 1163 and his
death in 1174. The key characteristics of these operations were their
opportunistic and the geopolitical character. Amalric’s interventions in Egypt
had nothing whatever to do with ‘crusading.’ Nor were they in any way racist or
religious much less genocidal. In all campaigns, Amalric was operating exactly
like his Muslim (and Christian) neighbors in seeking geo-political and economic
benefits. Ideology, not to mention idealism, was completely lacking. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Since the
capture of Ascalon in 1153, the Fatimids had been paying ‘tribute’ to the Kings
of Jerusalem, but the Fatimid state was rotting from the inside as two
competing viziers, Dirgham and Shawar, intrigued against one another for power.
Inevitably, the tribute disappeared into someone’s purse or was used for other
purposes providing a pretext for a Frankish invasion in 1163. Amalric’s
invasion force came within 35 miles of Cairo before the acting vizier Dirgham,
panicked, agreed to an even larger ‘tribute,’ and Amalric withdrew. Unfortunately,
the success of this campaign appears to have whet Amalric’s appetite for more.
Egypt was fabulously wealthy, and the ruling Shia elite was not particularly
popular with the majority Sunni population or the Coptic Christians, who still
formed a significant minority. Amalric smelled blood.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Meanwhile,
however, Dirgham’s rival Shawar had fled to Damascus and appealed to Nur al-Din
for assistance. Nur al-Din sent one of his most reliable emirs, a Kurd by the
name of Asad al-Din Shirkuh. Despite initial setbacks, Seljuk-backed Shawar was
able to kill Frankish-backed Dirgham, only to discover that his ‘protector’
(Shirkuh) was intent on replacing him. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shawar immediately turned to the Franks for
help. He offered Amalric payments greater than what Dirgham had paid to keep the
Franks out, if the Franks would come in to fight his battles for him. In April
1164 Amalric obliged by returning to Egypt with an army. He rapidly put Shirkuh
on the defensive, besieging him at Bilbies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Nur al-Din countered by attacking Antioch.
In the Battle of Artah on 10 August 1164, Nur al-Din decisively defeated a
combined Frankish-Byzantine army, taking Bohemond III of Antioch, Raymond III
of Tripoli, the Byzantine Dux Coloman, and Hugh VIII de Lusignan captive —
effectively decapitating the entire Christian leadership in the northern
crusader states. Once again, a catastrophe in the north undermined successes in
the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Amalric was forced to negotiate a truce in Egypt in
order to address the situation in the north. Both the Franks and the Damascenes
withdrew from Egypt, restoring the status quo ante.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Three years
later, Nur al-Din made a renewed attempt to seize control of Egypt, and Shawar
again turned to the Franks. Amalric initially enjoyed astonishing successes,
aided by an Egyptian population that blamed the invading Turks/Kurds for their
misery. He succeeded in capturing Alexandria, briefly taking Shirkuh’s nephew
Salah al-Din — better known in the West as Saladin — captive, but he then
accepted terms. The Turks withdrew and the Egyptians agreed to pay an even
larger annual tribute (100,000 gold dinars) for Frankish ‘protection.’</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Amalric,
however, let his three-fold success delude him into thinking more was possible.
He appears to have envisaged a powerful kingdom controlling the Nile as well as
the Eastern Mediterranean. It was an alluring illusion. The capture of Egypt
would have made the Kingdom of Jerusalem a major Mediterranean power — and a
majority Muslim state. No King of Jerusalem <i>and</i> Egypt could have retained
the mantle of ‘Protector of the Holy Sepulcher,’ and a Christian ruling elite in
Egypt would sooner or later have become as unpopular as the Shia Fatimids. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">However, Amalric,
the Hospitallers, and the Italian city-states were mesmerized by the wealth of
Egypt. While Manuel I of Constantinople was probably more realistic, he had
little to lose and much to gain if Christian control could be extended. Egypt had,
after all, once been a component part of the Eastern Roman Empire. Manuel
therefore sent a substantial fleet including impressive horse transports.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">In Jerusalem,
however, significant opposition to yet another invasion of Egypt surfaced. An
attack constituted a violation of the agreement with Shawar, and the Templars
warned King Amalric not to make the mistake of the Second Crusade: attacking an
ally and creating a new enemy. The Templars refused to take part in the
invasion of 1168. William of Tyre likewise expressed the views of other clerics
that warned a violation of the treaty with Shawar would displease God. The
militants triumphed and the invasion went ahead. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Again, the Franks
met with initial successes, taking Bilbais in three days and engaging in an
orgy of plunder and murder without discriminating between Muslims or Coptic
Christians; this atrocity turned the Copts against the Franks for years to come.
Meanwhile, betrayed by his former friends the Franks, Shawar turned to his old
enemy Nur al-Din. Meanwhile, the Franks advanced on Cairo. Shawar set fire to
the old city to stop the Frankish advance, and then started bribing Amalric
again. By then, however, Shirkuh had arrived with his Kurdish/Turkish Sunni
army. This now threatened Amalric’s rear. The Franks chose to withdraw — all
the way to Jerusalem. The Byzantine fleet likewise headed for home, only to run
into storms which destroyed much of it. The campaign had become a fiasco. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Yet far more
fateful, this blatant violation of international law triggered a regime change
in Cairo. Shirkuh had rescued Shawar from the Franks, but Shawar had no
credibility left. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within days of his
arrival, the Kurdish emir had the Egyptian vizier murdered. The Sunni Shirkuh
made himself vizier of Shia Egypt. Two months later, Shirkuh too was dead,
apparently of over-eating. His <span style="font-family: arial;">successor was his nephew Saladin, and the
Kingdom of Jerusalem would never be the same again. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
William of Tyre. <i>A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea</i>, translated by
Emily Atwater Babcock and A. C. Krey [New York: Octagon Books, 1976] Book XIV,
Chapter 18, 76.</span></span></p>
</div><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Ellenblum, 164.</span></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p> </p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-36903114298084457462022-06-06T02:30:00.004-07:002022-06-06T02:30:00.184-07:00The Second Crusade<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>The loss of
Edessa shook Europe. The First Crusade had already become legendary and very
few living in the West had any idea of how vulnerable the crusader states had
been in the intervening forty-five years. Indeed, Europeans were largely unaware
of the frequent setbacks suffered, the high cost (in blood) of the victories, or
the continuing threats faced by the Franks in the east. To most Europeans, it
appeared that God had granted the Holy Land to the Christians and all was well
with the world — at least the world Beyond the Sea. As a result, the loss of
Edessa shattered their world view and triggered a new crusading frenzy that
culminated in what is known as the Second Crusade. </span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvZkZ1jHvXJXZMWMqifAJx9ybs3sHBIPNL-deJleF96vvHR1mrgJhdvGL6XaowEiQZdHIMhJJnte3NHeooa62VTNNBOhVhyFA8twHK8EV8MPkXZV_nJVb-O14FHfRohCeT2ldxl_r9VWpo7s2a5dh13-YdGFwUnqchb0PIc6uqZizjK1bJSkTIKjA5eQ/s1200/Constantinople-2nd%20Crusade.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="1200" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvZkZ1jHvXJXZMWMqifAJx9ybs3sHBIPNL-deJleF96vvHR1mrgJhdvGL6XaowEiQZdHIMhJJnte3NHeooa62VTNNBOhVhyFA8twHK8EV8MPkXZV_nJVb-O14FHfRohCeT2ldxl_r9VWpo7s2a5dh13-YdGFwUnqchb0PIc6uqZizjK1bJSkTIKjA5eQ/s320/Constantinople-2nd%20Crusade.webp" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;"> </span><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"> From the
start, the character of the Second Crusade differed fundamentally from the
First. There was no longer any need to ‘ransom Christ’ or ‘liberate’ his city
or his people from oppression. Instead, a new and dangerous precedent was set
of offering spiritual benefits merely for <i>fighting</i> for Christ in <i>any</i>
expedition called for by the pope. Henceforth, a ‘crusade’ might entail
fighting anywhere that the pope viewed useful — against the Wends east of the Elbe,
against the Moors in Spain, or by the thirteenth century, against heretics or
the political enemies of the papacy. The Second Crusade set the precedent by encompassing
three divergent theatres of conflict: a campaign led by the Danes and Saxons against
the pagans of northeastern Europe; an offensive against the Moors led by
Alfonso VII of Castile and Alfonso Henriques of Portugal, and an expedition
against the Saracens in the Near East.</span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The crusade
to the Near East was broken down into two main components: a German crusade
under the Conrad III, and a French crusade under Louis VII. The Germans first
attacked the Jews at home before crossing Byzantine territory in an
undisciplined fashion the led to many clashes with the local authorities and
population. They crossed into Turkish territory without awaiting the arrival of
the French and promptly walked into a Turkish ambush near Dorylaeum. Here the
bulk of the German crusaders were annihilated. The French followed in a more
disciplined fashion. Although suffering one serious defeat in which King Louis was
unhorsed and came close to being captured, they avoided annihilation. Despite remaining
in Byzantine-controlled territory thereafter, they found markets rare and
insufficient, the terrain inhospitable and the weather cold and wet. To add
insult to injury, the Byzantine garrisons largely remained behind their walls, leaving
the crusaders vulnerable to lighting strikes by Turkish light cavalry. Even
without a major battle, the near continuous Turkish harassment resulted in
steady attrition. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Worn down by these tactics,
the weather and terrain, the French arrived in the Byzantine port of Adalia on 20
January 1148 in a sorry and dispirited state. Louis VII promptly abandoned his
infantry and set sail for Antioch with his wife, knights and nobles. </span>
</p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">As a result
of this disastrous performance on the part of both commanders, few crusaders
who came overland actually made it to the Holy Land. Most of Louis’ infantry
died of hunger, exhaustion, wounds and disease or accepted slavery in exchange
for their lives. On the other hand, a large contingent of northern Europeans, including
many English, arrived by ship, swelling the number of combatants available in
the Holy Land to an exceptional number. In consequence, on 24 June 1148, a
council of crusade leaders and local barons convened to discuss what to do with
their troops. The re-capture of Edessa was no longer viewed as a serious
option. Not only had the destruction been too complete, Edessa lacked emotional
appeal and religious significance. The argument that the re-capture of Edessa
was vital to the defense of Antioch fell on deaf ears because the Prince of Antioch
had done homage to the Byzantine Emperor a decade earlier; from the point of view
of the Western leaders that made Antioch’s defense the Emperor’s problem, not
theirs. The options narrowed down to an attempt to capture Ascalon, the only
remaining port on the coast of the Levant still in Saracen hands, or an attack
on Damascus.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Historians
can only speculate why Damascus, technically still an ally of Jerusalem, became
the target of the Second Crusade. Possibly the absence of a significant fleet
made a siege of Ascalon impractical. Nevertheless, Damascus was far from an
easy target. The crusaders did not have and did build siege engines, nor were
their forces sufficient to surround the city and cut it off from supplies and
reinforcement. In the event, the ‘siege’ lasted only five days, before the
approach of Zengi’s relieving army sent the crusaders scampering back to
Jerusalem. The only positive feature of this miserable performance was there
were few casualties; the losses of the crusade came during the march to
Jerusalem not during this disgraceful military (in)action. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Accounts of
what happened in the ‘siege’ are contradictory and marred by untenable accusations
of treachery levelled at practically everyone. Christian sources speak of an
inexplicable and unjustified move from a good to a bad position, but Muslim
sources record no such blunder. Conrad III blamed the barons of Jerusalem for
giving bad advice. However, the King of Jerusalem at this time was a minor and
the ruling Queen both opposed the attack on Damascus and was absent from the
siege; she can hardly be blamed for the failure of an army doing something she
had advised them against. Given the history of alliance with Damascus, it is
far more likely that the crusaders — always shocked by the readiness to local
lords to cooperate with Muslims — <i>ignored</i> the advice of Jerusalem’s
barons <i>not</i> to attack Damascus in the first place. Other commentators
blamed the militant orders for accepting bribes yet admit that no money
actually passed hands — a fact they explained away with Saracen duplicity. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William of Tyre indirectly blamed Louis VII,
saying he promised Damascus to the Count of Flanders, thereby offending and demotivating
everyone else. Michael the Syrian, a native Christian chronicler, believed the
Damascenes tricked Baldwin III into believing Conrad III would depose him and
set himself up as King of Jerusalem, if the crusaders succeeded in taking
Damascus, a complicated conspiracy story.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The
consequences of the ignominious failure of a crusade led by two crowned heads of
Europe and advocated by the most important clerics of the age were more
far-reaching and damaging than the loss of Edessa that had triggered it. For one
thing the sense of ‘manifest destiny’ that had inspired European confidence in
their right to control the Holy Land was shaken. Naturally, clerics attempted
to blame the crusaders themselves, suggesting their motives had not been pure
enough or that they had sinned too greatly; God, they warned, had sent defeat
to punish them. Alternatively, they argued that the defeat was a gift of God to
‘give brave men an opportunity to show courage and win immorality’ in the
future.<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> People
being people, however, it was much easier to blame someone else. The obvious
scapegoats were the Byzantines, who had failed to provide sufficient support
and protection during the long march through territory they nominally
controlled, and the Franks living in the East, the so-called ‘Poulains,’ because
they had ‘given bad advice’ or ‘taken bribes’ or been ‘too greedy for titles.’ Whatever
the exact version of events, it further poisoned relations between the West and
Constantinople while casting aspersions on the reliability of the Franks living
in Outremer. Mistrust of ‘the Greeks’ and the ‘Poulains’ became a recurring sub-plot
of all future crusades.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Furthermore,
in the immediate aftermath of the failed crusade, Saracen confidence surged,
triggering a new attack on Antioch. Prince Raymond, the consort of the heiress
Constance and younger brother of Duke William of Aquitaine, sallied out to
confront Nur al-Din in the field. Like his predecessor, he did so without
awaiting reinforcements from Tripoli or Jerusalem. He was encircled on the
night of 28 June 1149 and his army was slaughtered. Raymond’s body was found
among the dead. Nur al-Din ordered his head and right arm hacked off. They were
sent as trophies to the caliph in Baghdad. Such ‘civilized’ behavior has never been
recorded among the Franks after a victory. Meanwhile, with the Frankish
military force destroyed, Nur al-Din turned to absorbing into his own territory
what was left of the County of Edessa. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">When the
relief force from Tripoli and Jerusalem arrived, there was nothing left to salvage.
All the Frankish leaders could do was provide protection for the surviving
Frankish civilians and any Armenians that wished to evacuate the former County
of Edessa. The Franks ceded all claims to territory to the Byzantine Emperor, while
Frankish troops escorted a column of refugees south. They had to withstand
repeated assaults from the forces of Nur al-Din. It is noteworthy that
thousands of Armenians preferred Frankish to Saracen rule and chose to abandon
their homes in order to seek refuge in Jerusalem. These refugees flooded the
Holy City, briefly overwhelming the capacity of charitable institutions to deal
with them. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">With the
benefit of hindsight, historians often depict the capture of Edessa as the
beginning of the end for the crusader states. In fact, Edessa had never been an
objective of the crusade. It was not home to a single pilgrimage site. The
population remained predominantly Armenian. Edessa might have been a useful
buffer, but it was in no way essential to the raison d’être of the crusader
states, their economy or their security.</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Jotischky, Andrew. <i>Crusading and the Crusader States</i>. [Harlow: Pearson Longman,
2004] 85.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p> <br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-33873939719965293802022-05-30T02:30:00.001-07:002022-05-30T02:30:00.200-07:00The Achilles' Heel of the Crusader States<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>North
of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, three other crusaders states had been
established: the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch and the
County of Edessa. The later two entities proved extremely vulnerable and
Edessa would be the first of the crusader states to fall. </span></span></span> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI-Zp5Bad8QORuAOo0xmbpJ7SKPkM-mYmGe90aHTsGLvbRLjUqexk2TwBQJVoxgPAOmlVPEsiQKFP1AIbuUZzmonKfObTh-h1tJcN0fAOChjD-rpSwedkyREc6J1zqV2v7xIrdiPrw0BQKQ-Ea0Hx-p1ei2Tf-ADih9PQ_SxesB2gDzPeYphhjtz1wdA/s232/Edessa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="232" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI-Zp5Bad8QORuAOo0xmbpJ7SKPkM-mYmGe90aHTsGLvbRLjUqexk2TwBQJVoxgPAOmlVPEsiQKFP1AIbuUZzmonKfObTh-h1tJcN0fAOChjD-rpSwedkyREc6J1zqV2v7xIrdiPrw0BQKQ-Ea0Hx-p1ei2Tf-ADih9PQ_SxesB2gDzPeYphhjtz1wdA/s1600/Edessa.jpg" width="232" /></a></div><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">The
crusader presence in Edessa was not the outcome of conquest. Baldwin of
Boulogne had been invited by a local warlord and arrived in Edessa with
just 60 knights. Edessa was an ancient and wealthy city that at the
time of the First Crusede rivaled Antioch and Aleppo in importance. When
in 1098 the First Crusade
reached northern Syria, Edessa was in the hands of a Greek Christian
warlord,
the most recent “strongman” in a long line of short-lived warlords, who
came to
power by murder or popular acclaim ― only to lose favor rapidly and
themselves be
murdered or flee. Thoros fearing the fate of his predecessors if he
could not
fight off the ever present Turkish threat, sought help from the most
recent
military force to arrive on the scene: the crusaders. MacEvitt suggests
convincingly that Thoros was making the same mistake that the Byzantine
Emperor
Alexios I Comnenus had made, namely, of conflating crusaders with
Frankish/Norman mercenaries. Thoros wanted the evidently proven military
man Baldwin of Boulogne to come fight his battles for him; he never
really thought
he was inviting in a successor.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Baldwin, however, was not a mercenary. He rejected mere material gifts
such as gold, silver and horses, in a bid for something more important still:
power and control. When Thoros refused, Baldwin threatened to leave, and “the
people” (by which one presumes the chroniclers mean the elites) insisted that
Thoros give way. Thoros formally adopted Baldwin in a ceremony (telling) using
Armenian relics and customs.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Baldwin’s career would certainly have been as short-lived
and as forgettable as that of the previous half-dozen “rulers” of Edessa, had
he not proved astonishingly adept at building alliances with surrounding
warlords, nobles and elites. That process started with the simple expedient of
leaving the Armenian administration of the city undisturbed. Baldwin also
adopted Armenian symbols and rituals, and he rapidly married into the Armenian
aristocracy as well.<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">When Baldwin of Boulogne was called away
to Jerusalem to take up his elder brother’s mantle, he invited his cousin Baldwin de Bourcq to
succeed him as ruler of Edessa. Baldwin II (as he was to be known in both Edessa and
Jerusalem) was quick to take the opportunity, and his eighteen-year rule in
Edessa truly established Frankish control over Edessa.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">However, in 1112, the Principality
of Antioch passed to a minor heir still resident in the West, and the regency
was given to Roger of Solerno, the brother-in-law of King Baldwin II. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antioch had been under sustain attack from the
Seljuks since its inception, with incursions of greater or lesser strength recorded
almost yearly. Subscribing to the philosophy that the ‘best defense is a good
offense,’ Roger attacked at the first opportunity. His success in capturing a
number of key cities around Aleppo by 1119, however, provoked two powerful
Seljuk leaders, Tughtigin of Damascus and Il-Ghazi the ruler of Mardin, to form
an alliance aimed at his destruction.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The two
Seljuk leaders fielded a combined army estimated at 40,000 men. In response, Roger
called up all his own troops, including many native Armenians, and sent word to
Jerusalem that he was under threat. Thinking his own force of 700 knights, 500
turcopoles and 3,000 to 10,000 infantry, was sufficient, however, he opted not
to await reinforcements from Jerusalem. On 28 June 1119, Roger confronted his
enemies only to suffer a devastating defeat. The Frankish casualties were so
high that the battle has gone down in history simply as ‘the Field of Blood.’
Among the dead were Roger himself and virtually all his barons. In addition, Il-Ghazi
slaughtered 500 prisoners the day after the battle, increasing Frankish losses.
Il-Ghazi then began laying waste to the entire area with impunity; only the
city of Antioch, with its massive walls and 400 towers, was comparatively safe.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">King Baldwin
hurried north to try to stabilize the situation. He personally assumed the
regency of the principality for the nine-year-old prince and prepared to
confront Il-Ghazi with troops from the remaining crusader states. This unified
Frankish force, however, failed to deliver a decisive knock-out blow. Although il-Ghazi
became more circumspect, his army was still intact when Baldwin returned to Jerusalem,
leaving the defense of Antioch in the hands of the neighbouring Count of
Edessa.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Three years
later, Joscelyn of Edessa blundered into a Saracen ambush and was taken captive
along with other leading nobles, leaving both Edessa and Antioch in a
precarious situation. Baldwin II again rushed north to defend the flank of his
kingdom, only to promptly be taken captive himself on 18 April 1123. It was
more than a year before he could negotiate a ransom. After his release, he
remained pre-occupied with the insecurity of the northern crusader states, although
his absence from his own kingdom cause growing resentment among the barons of
Jerusalem. Baldwin II ended up spending roughly 40 per cent of his reign in
Antioch and Edessa rather than Jerusalem — without solving the problems there.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The north
remained the Achilles heel of the crusader kingdoms for two reasons. First, the
Byzantines had never been reconciled to the loss of Antioch, which had been an
important part of their empire until only twelve years before the crusader
capture of the city. This culminated in a Byzantine attempt to seize the city by
force in 1138. The then Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, only averted
disaster by doing homage to Constantinople for Antioch and agreeing to hold the
city as a vassal rather than an independent ruler. Second and more dangerous, the
north was threatened by the increasingly powerful Seljuk ruler Imad al-Din
Zengi of Mosul.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Zengi was an
exceptionally brutal and ambitious ruler who spent most of his career attacking
his fellow Muslims, which perhaps explains why Muslim chroniclers readily describe
him as ruthless and merciless. He seized Aleppo in 1128, took Homs in 1138 and repeatedly
laid siege to Damascus. To save himself from Zengi, the Sultan of Damascus turned
to the Franks for support, and the Franks obliged. Yet while this tactical
alliance between the Jerusalem and Damascus prevented the latter’s fall to Zengi,
it gave him an excuse (if he needed one) to attack the Franks.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 1144,
taking advantage of Joscelyn II’s temporary absence, Zengi assaulted Edessa.
His army broke into the city on Christmas Eve and took the citadel two days
later. After the death of Zengi in September 1146, Count Joscelyn briefly
retook his city, only to be trapped between the citadel, still in Seljuk hands,
and a new army brought up by Zengi’s son Nur al-Din. The result was a massacre
of appalling proportions. Significantly, according to a contemporary Syrian
Christian account, those who fell into the hands of the Seljuks alive were not
merely killed but humiliated — forced to strip naked — and then tortured before
being killed. This was not simply the application of the ‘rules of war,’ but a
vindictive and cruel act, shocking to both Muslim and Christian contemporaries.
Altogether 30,000 Christians lost their lives in the Seljuk capture of Edessa,
while another 16,000 ended in slavery. Furthermore, the bodies of the slain
were left to rot, the wells poisoned, the defenses destroyed, the city abandoned
altogether. This tactic of not just killing and carrying off the inhabitants
but rendering a city indefensible and uninhabitable for the foreseeable future
foreshadows the tactics of the Mamluks more than a century later. Yet it was
exceptional and hugely shocking at this point in time.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"></span>
</div><p> <span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is partially based on an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-57788639111617383232022-05-23T02:30:00.001-07:002022-05-23T02:30:00.188-07:00Baldwin II<p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>At
Baldwin de
Boulogne’s death the throne of Jerusalem passed to Baldwin de Bourcq.
The
latter was crowned alongside his Armenian wife Morphia on Christmas Day
1118 at
the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem as Baldwin II. Baldwin was
undoubtedly an able king, but not always a lucky one. His misfortune
included being taken captive and held for ransom.<br /></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ouQTGPsTLiyAvWnDXco9Un6Nfu0hYhA_8BSamPW12Zk2p1Vh6RH0kt8z3GV8tDlz51X_D0tMmI2PfOSV_P4Eo6IH_n_KHYNCQVl9vYcvJs9HcUSDu-1g1VY-ZnCHE2TQ2SfL1eAraltghs4ouaDXnGINUe9aYGRqeMQYUFe4bqlZJkQobPFRZaI8IA/s240/Baldwin%20II%20-%20Captured.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="210" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ouQTGPsTLiyAvWnDXco9Un6Nfu0hYhA_8BSamPW12Zk2p1Vh6RH0kt8z3GV8tDlz51X_D0tMmI2PfOSV_P4Eo6IH_n_KHYNCQVl9vYcvJs9HcUSDu-1g1VY-ZnCHE2TQ2SfL1eAraltghs4ouaDXnGINUe9aYGRqeMQYUFe4bqlZJkQobPFRZaI8IA/s1600/Baldwin%20II%20-%20Captured.jpg" width="210" /></a></div><p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Nevertheless, it was during Baldwin II’s
reign that the vital coastal city of Tyre surrendered to the Franks after a five-month
siege aided by a large Venetian fleet. The latter had first intercepted and destroyed
the Fatimid navy at sea. The Muslim population of Tyre was granted the right to
withdraw with their moveable possessions, but the Venetians ran riot and, against
the terms of the surrender, engaged in acts of violence. Baldwin II also successfully
defeated a coalition of Turkish forces at the Battle of Azaz on 11 June 1125. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Equally
significant, during Baldwin II’s reign the Franks began to systematically build
castles of their own rather than merely occupying existing fortification as they
had done up to this point. Counter-intuitively, most of these castles were
built in the parts of the kingdom that were already secure. They were built not
in areas threatened by Muslim raids and incursions, but rather in regions of significant
agricultural production and near concentrations of Christian inhabitants or
important Christian shrines and pilgrim destinations. The obvious conclusion
from this pattern of building was that these castles were not part of a
defensive perimeter nor primarily defensive in character at all. Rather, these
castles were an expression of growing administrative sophistication and control.
The exception to this rule was the great castle of Montreal. This was built as
an intimidating stronghold controlling the lands beyond the Jordan (the Barony
of Transjordan) and threatening — or at least watching — the lines of
communication between Egypt and Damascus. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Baldwin II
was also responsible for the first codification of laws for the kingdom at an
ad hoc ‘Council’ at Nablus, attended by both secular and ecclesiastical lords. He
continued his predecessor’s policy of encouraging settlement, particularly
appealing to the great monastic orders to establish houses in his kingdom. The
importance of monastic presence was that the religious orders enjoyed huge
patronage in the west and brought these enormous financial resources to bear
when they established houses in the East. In short, the religious orders could
tap the resources needed to rebuild and renovate the Christian churches and
convents left in ruins by four hundred years of Muslim occupation. The religious
orders of this period were also known for the sophistication of their
administration and for fostering the introduction of modern agricultural
techniques. Monasteries across Europe were bringing marginal land under
cultivation and increasing yields through the construction of expensive infrastructure
such as terracing, water mills, and irrigation. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Although we
know little about the details, under Baldwin II the Kingdom of Jerusalem evolved
efficient administrative, financial and legal structures. These were
sufficiently robust to function even in the absence of the king. Taxes and
duties were collected regularly, properly recorded and allocated to important
building programs and the vitally important military operations. The
construction of castles and cathedrals required quarries, roads, harbors, and
other forms of infrastructure, which suggests that the economic base of the
country was growing rapidly. Likewise, the population and the number of
pilgrims was evidently increasing rapidly. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">These factors
combined enabled Baldwin II to take the offensive against two of the most
important Seljuk power centers: Aleppo (in 1124) and Damascus (1129). The
latter siege particularly was a major operation that appears to have been
defeated more by bad weather than by enemy action. Furthermore, the Sultan was
sufficiently unsettled by the Frankish threat to agree to an annual tribute of
20,000 dinars to be left in peace. This latter point underlines the degree to
which the Seljuks as well as the Fatimids viewed the Franks as dangerous
opponents. At his death on 21 August 1131, Baldwin II left behind a kingdom
stronger than ever. Yet his reign was over-shadowed by severe set-backs in the
northern Crusader states, which I will look at in my next entry.<br /></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is largely an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-58646355377541424742022-05-16T02:30:00.001-07:002022-05-16T02:30:00.217-07:00Jerusalem Becomes a Kingdom<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>Barely
a year after the capture of Jerusalem by the First Crusade, the man
elected by the crusade leadership to remain behind and defend it was
dead. Godfrey was succeeded by his elder brother, Baldwin of </span></span><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>Boulogne, a man of a decidedly different character -- but not without his virtues as his record would show.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSQXS1DRKkQTDfpnbKnT0-IrdBbgik4PcqRY90CtGzjLL6C3ElOIFFuI4n1xAzjYqHsDyiTgoCLaluHuXAStEfwWKggyO7SCef1TGBDBOAXw4qn_eRVtAmA5rd8jhXCsqYJ0gea12mBkuC7dx5OolxpC1Oq4rSwyikkHapg_zIGAPRHCiMXEM6nlcDaw/s261/Baldwin%20I.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="193" data-original-width="261" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSQXS1DRKkQTDfpnbKnT0-IrdBbgik4PcqRY90CtGzjLL6C3ElOIFFuI4n1xAzjYqHsDyiTgoCLaluHuXAStEfwWKggyO7SCef1TGBDBOAXw4qn_eRVtAmA5rd8jhXCsqYJ0gea12mBkuC7dx5OolxpC1Oq4rSwyikkHapg_zIGAPRHCiMXEM6nlcDaw/s1600/Baldwin%20I.jpg" width="261" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> <br /></span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Baldwin, for a start, was not prepared to be a mere ‘Protector of the Holy Sepulcher;’ he
wanted a crown — of gold. On Christmas Day 1100, Daimbert crowned Baldwin King
of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, and with this act the
Kingdom of Jerusalem came into being. Baldwin’s new kingdom, however, still consisted
only of Jerusalem and its hinterland, including Bethlehem, along with a narrow,
insecure corridor to the coast at Jaffa. It also still had only about 300
knights and at most 2,000 Frankish soldiers to defend it. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">When Baldwin
I died eighteen years later, he bequeathed a kingdom that stretched across the
Jordan and from Beirut to Gaza, with only Tyre and Ascalon still in Muslim
hands. In the north it bordered not a Muslim state, but the newly established
crusader county of Tripoli. Much of this expansion was made possible by the support
of the Italian maritime powers, who repeatedly sent fleets to the Eastern
Mediterranean which aided in the capture of the coastal cities in exchange for receiving
trading privileges in the newly acquired territories.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The Kingdom
of Jerusalem captured Arsuf and Caesarea in 1101 and Tortosa and Jubail in 1102,
all with Genoese support. Two years later the Genoese enabled Baldwin to take
the vitally important coastal city of Acre. The following year the siege of
Tripoli commenced with Genoese and Provencal maritime support; the city fell four
years later (1109). Both the Pisans and Genoese assisted in the capture of
Beirut in 1110, while Sidon fell to King Baldwin I aided by a Norwegian fleet
under the command of King Sigurd. Notably, at Arsuf, Acre, and Tripoli, the
cities surrendered on terms and the Saracen inhabitants were allowed to
withdraw unmolested. Meanwhile, Galilee and Samaria were conquered and occupied
by the Franks, pushing the borders of Frankish control across the River Jordan
and south along the western shore of the Dead Sea. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Just as
important as these offensive victories, however, were King Baldwin’s successful
defense of his kingdom from tenacious attempts by Saracen powers to destroy it.
The Egyptians sent a second army to regain Jerusalem in September 1101. At
Ramla on 7 September, despite mustering only 260 knights and less than 1,000
infantry, Baldwin was able to put the Egyptians to flight — at the cost of
eighty knights and many more infantry. The following year Baldwin again
defeated the Egyptians, this time at Jaffa in May. Almost simultaneously, on 14
April, the Count of Toulouse routed a Seljuk army from Homs and Damascus near
Tortosa, while tenaciously seeking to establish what would become the County of
Tripoli. When in 1105 the Fatimids sent a fourth army to drive the Franks out
of Jerusalem, Baldwin was able to meet them with a force of 500 knights and
2,000 infantry supported for the first time by mounted archers (i.e. native
cavalry) in unspecified numbers. With this force, Baldwin decisively defeated the
Egyptians on 27 August 1105 in what became known as the 2<sup>nd</sup> Battle
of Ramla. A Frankish defeat at any of these battles would almost certainly have
ended in the obliteration of the still nascent Kingdom of Jerusalem. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">How then were
these victories and the related expansion possible? Where did the replacement
for the dead of the First Battle of Ramla come from? How could Baldwin field
almost twice as many knights in 1105 as in 1101? </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The key was
settlement. Baldwin actively encouraged Christian settlement in any territory
he could wrest from Muslim control. Significantly, this included inviting
Syrian Christians to relocate from Muslim-controlled to Christian-controlled
territory as well as welcoming Christian settlers from Western Europe. Vitally
important to the viability of the kingdom, Baldwin established baronies which
could be parceled out as fiefs to maintain a feudal army of knights and
sergeants. Even lands granted to, for example the canons of the Holy Sepulchre,
were fiefs owing sergeants to the army of the king. What this means is that the
land was tilled by free tenants who owed feudal service as sergeants, while the
profits of the agricultural activity was split between the tenant and the
ecclesiastical landlord. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">It was also
during Baldwin I’s reign that both the Knights Templar and the Knights
Hospitaller were established in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. At the time of Baldwin’s
death in 1118, both institutions were still too tiny to play a significant role
in the defense of the realm, but seeds had been planted that would soon bear extremely
valuable military fruit. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Baldwin I died
on 2 April 1118 without issue. He left behind a kingdom, not just a city, that
was economically viable due to the conquest of both coastal ports and inland
areas. It was a kingdom with sufficient land to create fiefs and to assure fundamental
self-sufficiency in foodstuffs such as grains, wine and oil. Nevertheless, the
situation was still precarious. Letters to the West from this period stress
that civilians (particularly unarmed clerics) were afraid to travel between cities
without an escort. Many pilgrims still fell victim to Saracen ambushes. This
was the background against which the Knights Templar were founded as a band of
knights dedicated to the protection of pilgrims. The Israeli historian Ronnie
Ellenblum characterizes this as a period in which the ‘threat was continuous,’ adding
the crucial point ‘and mutual.’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>
The crusader kingdom-in-the-making was <i>both</i> vulnerable and aggressive. The
smaller, Saracen coastal city-states and inland garrisons felt as threatened
and unsettled by Frankish presence as the Franks felt about the larger Muslim
powers in Aleppo, Damascus and Cairo. </span></p>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Ellenblum, Ronnie. <i>Crusader Castles and Modern Histories. </i>[Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2007] 151.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-58505592782265122262022-05-09T02:30:00.000-07:002022-05-09T02:30:00.181-07:00The Creation of "Outremer"<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>With the capture of Jerusalem, the crusaders' mission was accomplished -- and most wanted nothing more than to return home. Yet,</span></span><span><span style="font-family: Righteous;"> w<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">hile the immediate threat had been eliminated, Jerusalem
remained surrounded by enemies. If the sacrifices of the three-year campaign
across two thousand miles were not to be in vain, Christian control of
Jerusalem needed to be institutionalized. Yet none of the men who had fought
their way to Jerusalem by their own strength on their own resources and watched
four out of every five of their comrades die were prepared to hand the Holy
City over to the Byzantine Emperor. Thus was born the idea of an independent
state — not yet called a kingdom — that would defend Jerusalem for Christendom. It was to be a part of the Latin Christian world yet beyond the sea and so it became known as "Outremer."</span></span></span></span> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVsicLXeHbHuFdYNsdsQUCEKsMVNZP47NBL5FI436ujwWxG81B5Y1YmZ7AY-mjP784A7QZ0B-K5sAVim2ankUPe4v3R_8q8p0TjixEW5bj7iwx1KGEUIxba6LMx_ne0fohWoY9ucBYJj7POiTfTITFDcybRFlmPPkFCD4tkklq3feCRDszoBUTHjry8w/s388/Jerusalem%20-%20Dome%20of%20the%20Rock%20and%20Mt.%20of%20Olives%20-%20small%20(2).JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="388" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVsicLXeHbHuFdYNsdsQUCEKsMVNZP47NBL5FI436ujwWxG81B5Y1YmZ7AY-mjP784A7QZ0B-K5sAVim2ankUPe4v3R_8q8p0TjixEW5bj7iwx1KGEUIxba6LMx_ne0fohWoY9ucBYJj7POiTfTITFDcybRFlmPPkFCD4tkklq3feCRDszoBUTHjry8w/s320/Jerusalem%20-%20Dome%20of%20the%20Rock%20and%20Mt.%20of%20Olives%20-%20small%20(2).JPG" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The bulk of
the men who survived the First Crusade returned whence they had come, their
vows absolved by the restoration of Jerusalem to Christian rule. Contemporaries
claim that the surrounding cities had more Saracen troops in their garrison individually
than the Franks had altogether. Fulcher of Chartes, chaplain to Baldwin of
Boulogne and a witness of both the crusade and the early years of the crusader
states, claims that in 1101 the Kingdom of Jerusalem could muster just 300
knights and an equal number of foot soldiers. If these numbers are correct, only
six per cent of the knights who joined the First Crusade and less than one
third of those who had survived to capture Jerusalem were still living in the
East at the start of the twelfth century. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">On the other
hand, land grants to Western settlers in twenty-one villages north of Jerusalem
in 1099 suggests that substantially more commoners remained in the East. Since
the poor were more likely to lack the resources to return home, this is not
surprising. An estimated 2,000 common crusaders, or roughly four per cent of
all those who set out but fully twenty per cent of those who made it to
Jerusalem, settled in the Levant at the end of the First Crusade. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Clearly, 300
knights and 2,000 foot-soldiers did not constitute a military force adequate
for the defence of Jerusalem against an enemy assault or siege. However, the
situation of these remaining Franks was far less precarious than it may seem. Data
mining and archaeological surveys conducted at the end of the twentieth century
have demonstrated that Jerusalem’s hinterland was overwhelmingly Christian.
Thus, these few Franks were not trying to rule over a population of resentful
Muslims, but rather surrounded and supported by the native population, a
pattern that was recorded across Armenia and in Bethlehem. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Control of
Jerusalem and its surrounding countryside, on the other hand, was insufficient
to secure the Holy City for Christendom in the long run. Jerusalem needed at
least one secure port through which pilgrims and reinforcements could pass, and
it needed sufficient fighting men to withstand a determined attack by the
Fatimids or Seljuks. The fact that a second wave of crusaders, nearly as
numerous as the First Crusade, disintegrated after various defeats while
crossing Asia Minor 1100-1101 underlined the severe difficulty of reinforcing
the Frankish outpost in Jerusalem by land. If Jerusalem were to remain under
Frankish control, it had to have troops of its own. Yet backbone of Christian
armies in the early twelfth century consisted of vassals who gave military service
in exchange for land — and land was exactly what the Frankish leadership in
Jerusalem at the start of the twelfth-century did not have. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">Furthermore, the
<i>raison d’être</i> of the new political entity was the defense of the most
important shrines of Christendom. This was reflected in the fact that Godfrey
de Bouillon refused the title of ‘king’ on the grounds that it would be
inappropriate for a mere man to ‘wear a crown of gold where Christ had worn a
crown of thorns.’ Godfrey chose instead the title ‘Protector of the Holy
Sepulchre.’ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet while the Holy Sepulchre
was without doubt the most important of Christian shrines, it was not the only significant
religious site in the region. Because Christ had be born, lived and died in the
region, almost every town in Palestine, starting with Bethlehem and Nazareth,
could claim a connection to some event in the New Testament. For this reason,
the entire region was known to Christians simply as ‘the Holy Land.’</span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">This posed four
major problems for the few Franks left in possession of this sacred legacy. First,
many of the important sites were still under Muslim control and were ‘crying
out’ — at least in the eyes of the crusaders — for liberation. Second, even
those now in the hands of the Franks had been neglected if not actively damaged
during the long years of Muslim rule. Many churches and monasteries were in
ruins or in desperate need of repairs and renovation. These sites needed
massive investment to ensure both physical and spiritual integrity, the latter
in the form of clerical manpower. Yet neither money nor clergy was available in
1100. Third, pilgrims from across Christendom could be expected to flood to
these sites and the few Franks remaining had to create the infrastructure and
secure the environment to receive them. Last but not least, Jerusalem was so
holy that many churchmen believed it should not be subject to any secular
authority, but rather remain an ecclesiastical state. </span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">The last
issue proved the most pressing. Had the respected papal legate Adhemar still
been alive at the capture of Jerusalem, he might have succeeded in asserting church
authority over the inchoate political entity then in the making. Certainly, when
in late 1099 a new legate, Daimbert Archbishop of Pisa, arrived to take Ademar’s
place, he attempted to assert church authority, including obtaining promises from
Godfrey about a position of dominance in the future. Godfrey’s untimely death
on 18 July 1100, however, dramatically altered the political situation. Godfrey’s
knights seized control of the most important fortification in Jerusalem, the
Tower of David, and held it in the name of Godfrey’s younger brother Baldwin de
Boulogne until the later could arrive. Their action foiled Daimbert’s attempt
to establish himself as the ruler of the emerging state — and underlined the brutal
reality that Jerusalem belonged not to the holy but to those best able to
defend it.</span></p>
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<![endif]--></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This entry is an excerpt from </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div><p> </p>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-36384163320040436862022-05-02T02:30:00.000-07:002022-05-02T02:30:00.177-07:00The Sack of Jerusalem 1099 Revisited<p style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: arial;"><font color="#B51200">On
July 15, 1099, after a month long siege, the crusaders successfully
broke through the defenses of the Egyptian garrison, crossed over the
walls of Jerusalem and entered the Holy City. What followed has gone
down in history as an atrocity of biblical proportions. Allegedly, it
besmirched the name of Christendom for all eternity. It is used to this
day as a shorthand for all things vile and unjustified. It is cited as
an excuse for centuries of jihad. It has been called a justification for
the attacks of 9/11, and is even trotted out as evidence that
Christianity itself is not a religion of peace. <br /></font></span></b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><font color="#B51200"><b>Let's look at what happened -- and put it in context. </b><br /></font></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><font color="#B51200"><br /></font></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_WNKv88Nd7S1cuXHFwI6J-Z6VLs3HzwUcOMJYh324qFzmyekhW2yJntdHgzOacFXPWO4_NGszZAWYPW9xQHRHDFKPBhQHMPZx_9aTj-7uJ9MlVmSOha-fC36bFgjVjsUFiIPvIvSj8wM/s444/Conquest+of+Jerusalem.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_WNKv88Nd7S1cuXHFwI6J-Z6VLs3HzwUcOMJYh324qFzmyekhW2yJntdHgzOacFXPWO4_NGszZAWYPW9xQHRHDFKPBhQHMPZx_9aTj-7uJ9MlVmSOha-fC36bFgjVjsUFiIPvIvSj8wM/s320/Conquest+of+Jerusalem.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><font color="#B51200"><br /></font></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">After
two years of marching and fighting across 2,000 miles, only one in five
of the men who had set out on a great armed pilgrimage to liberate
Jerusalem from Saracen occupation reached Jerusalem. That is, four out
of five crusaders had already given their lives through disease,
starvation, cold, wounds or in combat. These roughly 10,000 survivors,
of whom roughly 1,200 were knights, were insufficient to surround the
city and cut it off from reinforcement and supply. In short, a siege
which forced the city to surrender on terms, was virtually impossible. <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Furthermore,
a large Egyptian relief army was already on the way -- and the Egyptian
garrison in Jerusalem knew about it. They had, therefore, no incentive
to negotiate terms. They were not short of water, food or other
supplies. Reinforcements were already on the way. All they had to do was
wait two or three months, and then they could help obliterate the
pathetic force camped outside the walls. <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The
only option available to the crusaders was to assault the city and hope
to take it before the Egyptian field army fell on them. A first attempt
on June 13 failed miserably with high casualties due to lack of ladders
and siege engines. By a stroke of luck, shortly afterwards six Genoese
and English vessels arrived in Jaffa carrying building materials. These
and the ships themselves were used to construct siege engines outside
Jerusalem. With great difficulty and in the face of fierce opposition,
the siege engines were rolled into position against the walls of
Jerusalem on July 14, 1099, but it was not until the following morning
that troops under the leadership of Godfrey de Bouillon gained a
foothold on the northern wall. His men then fought their way into the
city and opened one of the gates from the inside, allowing the rest of
the crusaders to flood in. <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">According to exultant Christian accounts, a massacre followed. The Gesta Francorum speaks, for example, of a</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> slaughter so great
that "our men waded in blood up to their ankles." Raymond
of Aguilers is even more over the top writing: "men rode in blood up to their knees and
bridle reins." <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Yet
the very absurdity of such a claim -- a claim ludicrous in its
impossibility -- ought to alert even the most gullible reader that the
account is not factual. Medieval readers, unlike modern readers,
recognized that the image is taken directly from the biblical account of
the apocalypse and was not intended to be taken literally. In short,
the Christian accounts of the sack of Jerusalem do not even <i>attempt </i>to be factual. <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On
the one hand, these accounts, mostly written by clerics who had
accompanied the crusaders, were written to make their patrons (the
crusade's leaders) the heroes of the decisive conflict of their age.
They were consciously reinforcing the self-image of men who saw
themselves as the soldiers of God delivering victory over the forces of
evil. In short, they eulogies of the victors -- a medieval literary form
that had little relationship to reality in any context. On the other
hand, the Christian accounts of the capture of Jerusalem were also </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;">intended to be <i>symbolic</i>. </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Their
purpose was to conjure up images of Armageddon and suggest that the
Saracens had met their Armageddon at Jerusalem on July 15, 1099. <br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In
other words, the Christian sources are next to worthless in attempting
to discover what really happened in Jerusalem on July 15, 1099. So let's
turn to the Muslim sources. The most striking thing about these is that
none of these are contemporaneous, or even nearly contemporaneous, with
the event. That is, an assault and sack was was allegedly
exceptionally, horrifically, unfathomably dreadful, unusual and
unprecedented, didn't even rate a mention. There were appeals to the
Caliph and other Muslim leaders to assist in reconquering Jerusalem, but
these stressed the fact that Jerusalem had changed hands, that it was
now controlled by "infidels" and "non-believers." The fact that
Jerusalem was lost excited outrage, but not the manner in which it fell.
Not a word was wasted on that. <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The
first Muslim accounts devoted to any kind of comprehensive treatment of
the crusades were not written until half a century later and, like
their Christian counterparts, are more religious tracts than histories.
Nial Christie in his excellent study <i>Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East 1095-1382, From the Islamic Sources </i>concludes:
"...later writers, many of whom were religious scholars, used their
works as a means by which to teach moral lessons....[I]t is difficult to
tell to what extent facts have been skewed to fit the writer's
agenda...." (1)<br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In
consequence, modern scholars of the crusades have looked beyond the
chronicles of both the crusaders and their enemies to find other clues
to what happened. For example, Jewish records from Alexandria provide
proof that Jews from Jerusalem were ransomed. Dead men are not ransomed,
so all allegations that the entire Jewish population of Jerusalem was
massacred by the crusaders are false. There are also records of ransom
negotiations for Muslim prisoners. So ends the legend that "all Muslims"
were slaughtered by the crusaders. As for native Christians, these were
expelled from Jerusalem before the crusaders even invested the city
because the Fatimid garrison feared the native Christians might aid the
crusaders. Based on the fragmentary evidence of these other sources,
serious crusades scholars nowadays estimate that between 3,000 and 5,000
people (including the Egyptian garrison, i.e. troops) were slaughtered
by the crusaders in their initial assault.(2)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The
slaughter of three to five thousand people certainly qualifies as a
massacre and an atrocity in the twenty-first century. Yet before we let
our outrage carry us away, it is useful to put things into perspective.
First, the right of a victorious army to put the inhabitants of a city
taken by storm "to the sword" is as old as the <i>Iliad </i>-- if not older. Second, this was hardly the first time the Holy City of Jerusalem had been subjected to such a fate. In</span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span style="font-family: arial;">614,
for example, the Persians captured Jerusalem from the Byzantines after a
21 day siege and then massacred 26,500 men and enslaved 35,000 women
and children. In 1077, the emir Atsiz ibn Uvaq slaughtered "the entire
population" of Jerusalem as punishment for an insurrection. Furthermore,
in the thirty years before the crusaders' arrival, Jerusalem changed
hands violently four times between Seljuks and Fatimids. <br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Other
points of comparison are the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258.
This was characterized not only by slaughter and plunder, but by the
wanton destruction of priceless cultural monuments and treasures
including mosques, palaces, hospitals and no less than thirty-six
libraries. The Mongols are said to have turned books into shoes. The
number of civilians slaughtered is estimated at 100,000 -- and possibly
twice that -- leaving the city shattered and depopulated for
generations.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Likewise,
the savage sack of Antioch by Baybars provides perspective on the
crusader assault on Jerusalem in 1099. In 1268, the Mamluk general
ordered the gates of the city closed while his troops slaughtered every
living thing inside -- and then he sent a letter bragging about his
brutality to the Prince of Antioch, who had not been present. Below an
excerpt:</span></span><br /><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The churches
themselves were razed from the face of the earth, every house met with
disaster, the dead were piled up on the seashore like islands of corpses…You
would have seen your knights prostrate beneath the horses’ hooves…your women
sold four at a time and bought for a dinar of your own money… your Muslim enemy
trampling on the place where you celebrate mass, cutting the throats of monks,
priests and deacons upon the altars…your palace lying unrecognizable…. (3)
</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">The
scale of destruction shocked the world,
including the Muslim world, and was recognized at the time as the worst
massacre
in crusading history. It too destroyed the economic prosperity
of the city, turning it into a ghost-town for generations to come. To
this day it has not recovered its prominence as a cultural,
intellectual, political and economic center. <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The
slaughter of the garrison and civilians during the conquest of
Jerusalem in 1099 besmirches the reputation of crusaders, but it was not
unprecedented, exceptional or extraordinary either in its scale or
violence. <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxVzoCjrQGJF3EIs8fE-sNzZ6mH9vQ0kW2vaVmYfRzVrSQFi0smwhfzYXG3P24ot0YMyUU5RSOZikAKmo3Y0FLeKnLdwv3oFks0aHjq0Cxyac2MeTW6jywXa7S11NMCJki9nA2ucfG8ww/s300/Siege+of+Jerusalem.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="139" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxVzoCjrQGJF3EIs8fE-sNzZ6mH9vQ0kW2vaVmYfRzVrSQFi0smwhfzYXG3P24ot0YMyUU5RSOZikAKmo3Y0FLeKnLdwv3oFks0aHjq0Cxyac2MeTW6jywXa7S11NMCJki9nA2ucfG8ww/" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;"><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /></div>
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">(1) Niall Christie, <i>Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095-1382, From the Isalmic Sources</i> [New York: Routledge, 2014] 21.<br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">(2)
Thomas F. Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades [New York: Rowman
& Littlefield, 2014] 32. Also Andrew Jotischky, Crusading and the
Crusader States [New York: Pearson Longman, 2004] 60.<br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">(3) Baybars
letter translated by Francesco Gabrieli in <i>Arab Historians of the Crusades</i>
[Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957] 311.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Schrader's comprehensive study of the crusader states is available for pre-order on amazon.com. </span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51uOK1CF2rL._SX334_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="214" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=39TXVRZY77XVF&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1641992180&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C588&sr=8-1" target="_blank">Order now!</a></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><br /></span></div>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-78595628162364969982022-04-25T01:00:00.000-07:002022-04-25T01:00:42.330-07:00The Siege of Antioch<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"> <span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>Arguably,
the most decisive event of the First Crusade was the Siege of Antioch.
On the one hand, no where else during the crusade did morale come so
close to breaking and the entire enterprise come so close to failing. On
the other hand the failure of the Byzantine Emperor to send assistance
was decisive in convincing the crusaders that he was untrustworthy and
that their own oaths to him were null and void. It was this break with
Byzantium that cleared the way for the establishment of Latin Christian
states independent of Constantinople in the Holy Land.</span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPY_yg0NIDqJcYd2qcu2sRNj9Bayp8GeYYW7IFAH7XRlkGbhH4i1ySsNGnhR57C9Ztrf_Idt6lvmyyNDmSBvKVLIc0Hi1Yl7qoMmPu1EXzxmku95fBux2cGBhYx5SKWkaGABmsmclhnB_gReKkAbray0ZqHVManMQiLl-NymcxQ-yAqop6IslYz8Uu7w=s3021" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2849" data-original-width="3021" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhPY_yg0NIDqJcYd2qcu2sRNj9Bayp8GeYYW7IFAH7XRlkGbhH4i1ySsNGnhR57C9Ztrf_Idt6lvmyyNDmSBvKVLIc0Hi1Yl7qoMmPu1EXzxmku95fBux2cGBhYx5SKWkaGABmsmclhnB_gReKkAbray0ZqHVManMQiLl-NymcxQ-yAqop6IslYz8Uu7w=s320" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> </span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Except for one last
short confrontation quickly won by the crusaders in mid-September, the Turks
opted not to confront the crusaders after Dorylaeum. Instead, they turned the
land itself into the crusader’s enemy. As the crusaders advanced deeper into
Asia Minor, reclaiming (for the Byzantine Emperor) one city after another, they
found themselves in territory which had been emptied, picked clean or even
burned by the retreating Turks. Water and provisions became desperately short and
progress agonizingly slow. Progress slowed to an average of 8 miles a day.
Thousands died of hunger, thirst, heat-stroke and other diseases, while an
estimated four out of every five horses died during the march across Anatolia. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">To increase the chances
of obtaining the necessary food and fodder, the army split up. While the main
body took the northern route, Tancred and Baldwin de Boulogne, operating
independently of one another, took their contingents south into Cilician
Armenia. Here the population welcomed them and assisted them in taking one city
after another from the hated Turkish garrisons. Indeed, Baldwin soon left the
main crusading host altogether and with just 60 knights set off for Edessa.
There, he soon emerged as an independent ruler in what became the first of the crusader
states, the County of Edessa. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The vast majority of
the crusaders, however, came to the plain around Antioch. This great city
founded by one of Alexander the Great’s generals was home to one of the four
Patriarchies of the Church and closely associated with Saint Peter. It had long
been considered one of the most important cities in Christendom, but had fallen
to Muslim armies in 637, shortly after Jerusalem. The Byzantine Empire had
re-established control of the city in 969, and its conquest by the Seljuks more
than a hundred years later in 1086 had sent shock waves to Constantinople, triggering
the appeal to the West for aid. When the crusaders arrived, Antioch housed a
population of roughly 40,000 still predominantly Christian inhabitants. It was
defended by massive walls reinforced by 400 towers and a large Seljuk garrison.
It was far too large for the crusaders to completely invest. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Furthermore, despite
horrendous attrition during the march, there were still roughly 30,000
crusaders. The need to provide food for so great a host resulted in the
establishment of foraging centers as much as fifty miles away. The resources of
most knights and minor lords were nearly exhausted. When winter came, added
bitter cold aggravated the hunger and exhaustion already being suffered. Now,
when the crusaders were at their weakest, the Seljuk relief armies attacked,
first in in late December 1097 and again in early February 1098. But attacks
were beaten off, yet illness, exhaustion, malnutrition, hunger and intense cold
continued to eat away at both the numbers and the morale of the crusaders. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">The arrival of an
estimated 10,000 reinforcements by sea failed to alter the fundamentals of the
situation. Many men started to desert the crusade, some sailing away on the
ships that had brought reinforcements, others returning by the land-route which
was, through their own action, cleared of hostile forces. The most prominent of
those who left the siege camp, although his motives remain unclear, was Stephen
of Blois; he removed himself to the liberated city of Iskenderum, possibly to
recover from illness. The Byzantine advisors likewise departed, possibly in an
attempt to persuade the Emperor to send military aid since a new and larger Muslim
army under the Atabeg Kerbogha of Mosul was approaching. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Fortunately for the
crusaders, disaffection was growing <i>inside</i> the besieged city as well as
without. Bohemond of Taranto got wind of
it, but kept the knowledge to himself — until he had persuaded his comrades to agree
to let him to keep Antioch on two conditions: 1) that he captured it and 2) the
Byzantine Emperor did not appear in person to claim it. Once they had agreed, Bohemond
produced a plan based on the betrayal of one section of the wall by the
Armenian captain commanding it. On the night of 2-3 June, a small body of
Bohemond’s knights scaled the wall without opposition in the sector held by the
Armenian. They then opened one of the main gates from the inside, enabling the
rest of the crusaders to flood in. The Muslim garrison fled to the citadel. The
crusaders gained control of the entire city with its mighty fortifications — and
all without attacks on the civilian population. There was no bloodbath.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">It was not a moment too
soon. Shortly (by some accounts only hours) afterwards, Kerbogha’s massive,
coalition army arrived on the scene. This was composed of units recruited across
Syria, Iraq and Anatolia. The crusaders were trapped inside the very city they
had themselves besieged for nine months. Supplies were desperately short;
starvation still haunted the crusaders. Meanwhile the Seljuk garrison,
emboldened by the arrival of Kerbogha, sallied out of the citadel to attack the
crusaders from the rear. Although beaten off, a crusader sortie against
Kerbogha on 10 June also failed. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Panic gripped the
crusaders. So many wanted to desert the enterprise that the leaders had to lock
the gates at night. Yet some deserters escaped and reached Stephan of Blois.
He, in turn, made his way West and intercepted Emperor Alexius, who was slowly
advancing with a Byzantine army to restore Byzantine control over the
territories liberated by the crusaders. Blois either convinced Alexius that the
situation in Antioch was hopeless or provided him with a welcome excuse for not
attempting a relief effort. This fateful decision was to poison Latin-Byzantine
relations for the next sixty years. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Meanwhile, in Antioch a
serious of panic-induced hallucinations or cynically orchestrated fake visions
started to galvanize the crusaders. The most famous of
these was the discovery of a rusty Roman spearhead, which a priest claimed had
been revealed in a dream as the spear that had pierced Christ’s side at his
crucifixion. Despite the skepticism of the papal legate, the masses were
mesmerized. The leadership sagely recognized that the psychological moment to risk
battle had come. On 28 June 1098, the crusaders marched out — almost all on
foot because there were so few horses — and attacked Kerbogha’s much larger
army. The rag-tag, half-starved and numerically inferior crusaders put the
great Seljuk army to flight and the Seljuk garrison immediately surrendered the
citadel. As one of the leading contemporary historians of the crusades puts it:
‘This extraordinary victory has never been explained.’<a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Significantly, this
victory was celebrated by a religious procession composed of the entire
Christian community of Antioch — Armenians, Syrians, and Latins. The procession
wound its way through the city streets to end at the cathedral where the Greek
Orthodox patriarch, John V, was re-enthroned. The symbolic importance of this
act needs to be highlighted in face of the persistent allegations of Latin oppression
of the indigenous churches. This ceremonial act in Antioch on June 28, 1098 affirmed
the authority of a <i>Greek Orthodox cleric</i> over <i>all</i> Christians in
the city — the Latins no less than the Orthodox. This spontaneous expression of
Christian solidarity should not be forgotten, despite the later, persistent
squabbles between Latin and Orthodox clergy that punctuate the history of the
crusader states. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div style="text-align: left;"><hr size="1" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;" width="33%" /><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Jonathan Riley-Smith. <i>The Crusades: A History</i>. (London:
Bloombury, 2014) 60.</span></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>This entry is an excerpt from:</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAjnl7_xLOY8JYA30nrBKQjvKbVYYPm_1mJgecDagMcLkuhDDHsIEzb4TAhn01_-AQRgda8xLJoRAzI92ILnUku77YT1jIuS_xv46_4gTjmoZAvtUqK8vKIEslAaH9-0eLj5-CtQmKAqnNJ2YnhnFP-ioDXcpV56LjZS7STlqZ7aYZcnYkliPRgOLXww=s327" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="220" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAjnl7_xLOY8JYA30nrBKQjvKbVYYPm_1mJgecDagMcLkuhDDHsIEzb4TAhn01_-AQRgda8xLJoRAzI92ILnUku77YT1jIuS_xv46_4gTjmoZAvtUqK8vKIEslAaH9-0eLj5-CtQmKAqnNJ2YnhnFP-ioDXcpV56LjZS7STlqZ7aYZcnYkliPRgOLXww=w134-h200" width="134" /></a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> <br /></span></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US"><i>The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades: Kingdoms at the Crossroads of Civilizations</i> is available for pre-order on <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=RMAWCLJXPJ3T&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1645097215&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C180&sr=8-1" target="_blank">amazon.com</a> and <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=26N5I4J4NUOG8&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1645096342&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C127&sr=8-1" target="_blank">amazon.co.uk</a>.</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></div><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p>
</div>
</div>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-9130728725482714562022-04-18T02:30:00.001-07:002022-04-18T02:30:00.186-07:00The Battle of Dorylaeum<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span> <span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Last week, in his guest post, Rand Brown looked at the start of the
First Crusade. Today he examines the first important battle of that
military campaign. </span></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span id="yiv3433756918yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479772021355_9531">Rand L.
Brown II is a co-founder of Real Crusades History. He possesses a MA in
Military History from Norwich University and currently serves as a
commissioned officer in the United States Marine Corps.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX4jKhE6u6W3EtvJfP3_ju_GJQaE5iOxfNPFo9Qy1TS14xKEogZk0H_v0KVpUvlYJxewF0YDf_sfbYoa0zq98QbecZ3CF97h8S12fA9MIBFMkVqUJx1nZIQ6SIs1LVHF8BT2i8xaV8gnUs/s1600/Hattin.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX4jKhE6u6W3EtvJfP3_ju_GJQaE5iOxfNPFo9Qy1TS14xKEogZk0H_v0KVpUvlYJxewF0YDf_sfbYoa0zq98QbecZ3CF97h8S12fA9MIBFMkVqUJx1nZIQ6SIs1LVHF8BT2i8xaV8gnUs/s1600/Hattin.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">For reasons not
entirely clear from the sources, the Crusader lords decided to divide the army
into two columns – a smaller vanguard and a larger main body – as they marched
through the inhospitable Anatolian plateau.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This plan may have been determined according to sound contemporary
military practice in Europe where dividing one’s force allowed for more
efficient foraging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the
vanguard was the smaller, it benefited from the military experience of Bohemond
who commanded overall as well as the reinforcement of his highly competent
Italio-Norman forces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accompanying him
were the equally competent Duke Robert <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Curthose</i>
of Bohemond’s ancestral Normandy, the son of the famous William the Conqueror,
and Duke Robert of Flanders along with their forces and thousands of pilgrims,
including women and children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also
joining them was the Byzantine advisor, Tatikios, and his nominal force which
really amounted to a glorified bodyguard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The main body contained the rest of the army and was led by Count
Raymond, Duke Godfrey, and Bishop Adhemar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Although the two columns were separated by about a half-day’s march
distance (about 5km according to John France’s estimates), almost all the
chroniclers attest to vast amounts of pilgrim stragglers strung out between
them, perhaps thinking that they could retreat to the safety of either if
attacked.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">The Anatolian Plateau
is still characterized by a labyrinthine network of ridges and valleys that
considerably impact the passage of large forces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the late 11<sup>th</sup> Century, army
movement through this region would have been tortuously slow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally, the chroniclers attest to the
harsh conditions of the dry and barren climate, noting that the suffering among
the many non-combatant pilgrims was already taking its toll and perhaps weighed
heavily on the Crusader lords’ minds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While there is still room for debate about the actual location of the
first epic engagement of the First Crusade, Dr. France has made a very
convincing argument for a patch of ridge-flanked valley about 4km north of the
modern Turkish city of Boz<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü</span>y<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü</span>k and 45km northeast of
the site of the Dorylaeum outpost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
this particular site, the west-to-east valley takes a decided turn southwards
after passing through a thin passage that forms an excellent choke-point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not hard for one to imagine that this
choke-point would serve as an excellent place for Kilij Arslan to spring an
ambush.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
</span><br />
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">On
1 July, 1097, the sun rose over the makeshift camp of Bohemond’s
vanguard column that had just spent the night somewhere near the Bozüyük
choke-point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
is not unreasonable to assume that a commander of Bohemond’s
considerable experience would have chosen a site that at least took
advantage of whatever defensible terrain features existed at the time –
which, according to the chroniclers, included a slight hillock on the
site itself and a marsh on one flank.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surrounding
them were tiny ravines and trails that led down from the surrounding
ridges, impossible for large armies to traverse, but perfect for small
parties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
was still early when word of first contact came back from Crusader
scouts who reported brief skirmishes with Seljuk counterparts in the
valley leading south.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
intensity of these skirmishes probably alerted Bohemond that these were
more than mere local raiders and that Kilij was lurking somewhere
nearby, waiting for the right moment to spring his trap.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Realizing
the precarious nature of their position, Bohemond halted the many
knights from impetuously chasing after the small parties of Turkish
harassers with the help of Robert of Normandy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maintaining
strict command and control over his isolated column would be essential
to surviving this engagement as the Seljuks triumphed when they could
divide and scatter their more heavily armored foes.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Bohemond
quickly ordered all knights in the camp to dismount and form a solid
rank facing southwards, reinforced by the thousands of common infantry
behind them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
about the same time, the first elements of Kilij Arslan’s mounted horde
began streaming down from the many paths and ravines from the
surrounding hills.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fulcher of Chartres and the anonymous author the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gesta Francorum</i> offer vivid descriptions of the engagement and may have been personally present for it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
both recount the terror and chaos in the vanguard camp as the first
clouds of Seljuk arrows crashed among them, wounding both soldier and
non-combatant alike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However,
the ranks of the dismounted knights stood firm, bolstered by the iron
discipline imposed by Bohemond and his fellow lords along with the
superiority of their armor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ralph
of Caen, a Norman chronicler of the First Crusade, bore explicit
testimony to this when he wrote, “The enemy were helped by their numbers
– we by our armor.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although
many unarmored pilgrims suffered grievously from the Turkish attack,
the real priority of the Crusade – the armored knightly professionals
upon whom the entire effort relied – weathered the storm well and stood
as a wall against the chaotic Seljuk maneuvering.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">According to all the
chroniclers, this initial phase of the fight lasted for an extremely long time
– at least a six hour stretch from dawn until sometime around 12 noon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This would be consistent for an action where
the Western forces entrenched into an almost “wagon fort” stance while the
Turks raced about, loosing arrow after arrow and probing for weaknesses to
exploit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While they still possessed
ammunition, the Seljuks had little reason to engage in close quarters
fighting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, this rapidly changed
as arrow reserves began to run low with no real impact on the solid ranks of
knights and footmen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Steadily, bands of
Turks attempted to charge through into the Western camp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of the chroniclers describe this moment
as their most desperate, with a few Turks making it inside the camp to strike
terror into the women, priests, and wounded within.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, wherever the Turks got close the
initiative then swung in favor of the heavier armored Latin knights and
infantry who were far more skilled at melee combat than their foe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, the terrain benefited Bohemond’s force,
as the elevated ground forced the Turks to charge upwards and the marsh on the
west flank bogged down the Turkish riders who ventured into it and become easy
targets for Crusader infantry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kilij
must have begun to sense that these Latins were a vastly different breed than
the disordered mob Peter the Hermit had led to the slaughter a mere year ago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As more and more Turks were forced to charge
in for close combat, the situation began to embarrass Seljuk
overconfidence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Around the noon hour,
horns were heard in the hills to the west and announced that the Turkish
situation was now hopeless.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Bohemond’s great
gamble had been to hold just long enough with his vanguard for the much larger
(at least two to three times the van’s size) to link back up with him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By brilliantly executing superb command and
control over his forces, he had been able to do just that despite nearly being
surrounded by Seljuk attackers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the
mounted forces of Godfrey, Raymond, and the rest of the Crusader host crested
the ridgeline to the west, the Turks had nearly run out of ammunition and were
hopelessly pinned against the Bohemond’s dismounted lines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What followed was a mass charge that smashed
into the confused Seljuk ranks and scattered them, while Bishop Adhemar held
high the white banner of St. Peter he had received from Pope Urban.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What must have begun as a confident ambush
turned into a complete disaster for the Seljuk warlords and, with the arrival
of the main body, the situation for Kilij Arslan was unrecoverable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The surviving Turks vanished back into the
surrounding hills, individual chieftains undoubtedly giving into self-interest
at the expense of any unified effort for Kilij’s sake.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost as quickly as it had begun, the first
true battle of the First Crusade was over.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Although the Crusaders
held the field on that July day, they did so at a frightful cost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even though there had been few casualties
from among the knights and professional soldiers, thousands of unarmored
pilgrims had fallen to Turkish arrows and skirmishing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of the largest numbers came from those
pilgrims who had been straggling in between the two columns and who were
virtually defenseless against bands of Seljuk riders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, while many of the chroniclers attest
otherwise with figures that beggar belief, the Crusaders are thought to have
actually outnumbered the Seljuks in this fight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Somewhere about 200,000 is thought to be the total head count for the
Latin host, with around 50,000 of that number being actual knights and
professional fighters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kilij Arslan
would have been lucky to raise even 20,000 fighters in his hasty rush to
intercept the Latin host.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, they
knew the land far better and, with the division of the Crusader columns, had
possessed a golden opportunity to destroy them piecemeal – an opportunity they
utterly failed to seize.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Kilij Arslan fled back
into the depths of Anatolia with the shattered remnants of his forces and his
reputation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the Anonymous,
the would-be sultan had to lie to the remaining garrisons of Anatolia, telling
them of a “great victory” just so they would open their gates and let him pass
through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Never again would Kilij Arslan
pose a threat to the movement of the First Crusade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the Latin host proceeded, city after city
would submit and return to Byzantine control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, the reconquest of Asia Minor was not the goal of the great
Western effort – much to Byzantine frustration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After recovering from their desperate first engagement, the united
Crusader army rapidly made their way southwards towards the friendlier
territory of Armenian Christian Cilicia, where they could conserve their
strength before pushing towards the great city of Antioch – where Asia Minor
and Syria met and where the Latin host would need to pass in order to gain access
to the Levant and, ultimately, Jerusalem.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
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<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Dorylaeum represented
the first real clash of arms between the Western forces of the First Crusade,
teaching them lessons of warfare in the Near East that would prove invaluable
as they drove ever closer to their ultimate goal in Palestine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also allowed the various Crusader lords –
formerly only experienced in European warfare – to see just exactly what they
would be facing and how to defeat it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
any credit is given for the Latin victory there, it would be rightly bestowed
upon the superior armor and melee skills of the Western knights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later on in the Crusades, Islamic chroniclers
would refer to the Latin knights as “the men of steel” whose far superior armor
could almost negate the impact of their mounted archers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, this capability was only effective
if Latin commanders could keep their troops in strictly ordered ranks and
refused to let them become scattered chasing after bands of mounted archers
feigning retreat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here is where
Bohemond’s skill as a military leader paid off in dividends for the
Crusade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With his experience fighting in
the East, he knew how imperative strict command and control was when facing the
rapid fluidity of the Seljuk fighting style.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Had he not been in command of the vanguard, it is very probable that it
would have met the same fate as the pitiful People’s Crusade and the First
Crusade as a whole may have ended in bitter disappointment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The victory at Dorylaeum allowed the Crusade
to continue with enhanced momentum toward their final objective and even tipped
the scales within Asia Minor back in favor of the beleaguered Byzantines for at
least a time.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Sources Referenced:</span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="color: #990000;"><span><br /></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">John France.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Victory in the East
– A Military History of the First Crusade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">_______.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Western Warfare in the
Age of the Crusades 1000-1300.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ithaca
NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Fulcher of Chartres, et al.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ed. Edward Peters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1971.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAjnl7_xLOY8JYA30nrBKQjvKbVYYPm_1mJgecDagMcLkuhDDHsIEzb4TAhn01_-AQRgda8xLJoRAzI92ILnUku77YT1jIuS_xv46_4gTjmoZAvtUqK8vKIEslAaH9-0eLj5-CtQmKAqnNJ2YnhnFP-ioDXcpV56LjZS7STlqZ7aYZcnYkliPRgOLXww=s327" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="220" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAjnl7_xLOY8JYA30nrBKQjvKbVYYPm_1mJgecDagMcLkuhDDHsIEzb4TAhn01_-AQRgda8xLJoRAzI92ILnUku77YT1jIuS_xv46_4gTjmoZAvtUqK8vKIEslAaH9-0eLj5-CtQmKAqnNJ2YnhnFP-ioDXcpV56LjZS7STlqZ7aYZcnYkliPRgOLXww=s320" width="215" /></a></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><i>The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades: Kingdoms at the Crossroads of Civilizations</i> is available for pre-order on <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=RMAWCLJXPJ3T&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1645097215&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C180&sr=8-1" target="_blank">amazon.com</a> and <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=26N5I4J4NUOG8&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1645096342&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C127&sr=8-1" target="_blank">amazon.co.uk</a>.</span></span></span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /><br /></span></span></span></span></b></span></div><p> </p></div>Helena P. Schraderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06535398166485310212noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3858613667962427713.post-42530141840086135012022-04-11T02:30:00.003-07:002022-04-11T02:30:00.182-07:00The Road to Dorylaeum<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"> <span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span>In
contrast to the "Peoples' Crusade," the organized military expedition
that we have come to call the First Crusade was remarkably successful --
though also horribly difficult and costly. This post describing the
first phase of the crusade is a guest entry by </span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-family: Righteous;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span id="yiv3433756918yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479772021355_9531">Rand L.
Brown II is a co-founder of Real Crusades History. He possesses a MA in
Military History from Norwich University and currently serves as a
commissioned officer in the United States Marine Corps.</span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></p><div><p>
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<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="color: #990000;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0bKl05bqfoF2n79OI2Uv0KRvGxSfBPyEsU21KM50QVMKaLv3LaNY8McIMUdyLp_vlmjSf_wi3QZ8X4HFZYYw4JjuhlxXHrWGLUD9acGUjosAn-JVuEFSH8FHvjcfFAzmzuY6VKxOIOfk/s1600/Godfrey+of+Bouillon+leads+the+Crusade.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0bKl05bqfoF2n79OI2Uv0KRvGxSfBPyEsU21KM50QVMKaLv3LaNY8McIMUdyLp_vlmjSf_wi3QZ8X4HFZYYw4JjuhlxXHrWGLUD9acGUjosAn-JVuEFSH8FHvjcfFAzmzuY6VKxOIOfk/s320/Godfrey+of+Bouillon+leads+the+Crusade.jpg" width="292" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">After Pope Urban II
officially began the First Crusade with his famous Clermont address in November
of 1095, it was nearly a year and a half later before the first real military
clash between Latin crusaders and their Islamic foes took place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Understandable for an undertaking of this
magnitude, the First Crusade had gotten off to a rocky start – in the previous
year, a mob of commoners led by the self-proclaimed visionary Peter “the
Hermit” ignored Pope Urban’s exhortation to wait for the various lords selected
to lead the crusade and marched off in a frenzy for Constantinople.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After crossing the Bosphorus against the
advice of Emperor Alexios, they were promptly and easily massacred by the
Seljuk Turks - who at that time handily controlled the vast majority of Asia
Minor having seized it from the Eastern Roman Empire throughout the previous
century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to various sources,
the Turks made massive mounds of the pilgrims’ bones that were still there when
the actual crusading army passed that way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, this tragic event actually worked in the crusaders’ favor, as
it fooled the local Turkish sultans into thinking that Peter’s ill-fated mob
had been the extent of the West’s efforts to reclaim the East, causing them to
be caught completely off guard at the arrival of the far more professional
Lords’ crusading armies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Although the
logistics of meeting up all the various contingents at Constantinople had been
a fraught and time-consuming process that took over a year after Clermont, the
armies that crossed the Bosphorus in early 1097 were well-equipped,
disciplined, and led by a cadre of some of the finest leadership in
Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With virtually no warning, the
crusaders – bolstered by contingents of Byzantine forces – rapidly seized the
famed city of Nicaea which surrendered with very little resistance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The local sultan, Kilij Arslan, was now faced
the dilemma of having to respond once again to an unexpected foreign threat or
lose vital credibility as a leader among his fellow Turkic warlords.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the crusaders continued to make their way
eastwards, Kilij knew he had to act and soon.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
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<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">In stark contrast to
the disastrous lack of leadership of the so-called “People’s Crusade,” the
armies of the First Crusade followed representatives of perhaps one the finest
generations of Western medieval leadership.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Broken into regional contingents and strongly divided along ethnic
identities, the crusading army sported a sort of “council” of nobles who all
viewed each other (more or less) as peers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some of the more prominent obviously carried a bit more weight with
regards to administrative and command decisions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
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<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">At the nominal head of the army was the papal
legate, Bishop Adhemar le Puy, who had been hand-picked by Pope Urban to
represent papal authority for the pilgrimage and serve as both the moral guide
and unifying element for the lay leaders who might be tempted to stray from the
intended goal or, worse, begin fighting among one another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among the lay leadership, Count Raymond of
Toulouse had been one of the first to take the cross and was allegedly
personally involved with Pope Urban during the planning phases even before
Clermont.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An elderly man by the time of
the First Crusade, Raymond had already fought Moors in Spain in his younger
years – according to some sources, he had even ridden alongside Rodrigo de
Vivar (the famed “El Cid”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was also
handily the wealthiest of the crusading lords, bringing immense financial
resources from his holdings in the Languedoc to the disposal of the
crusade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Raymond led a vast contingent
of troops from Provence, Aquitaine, Gascony, and the north-eastern coast of
Spain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Juxtaposed to Raymond was the
Italio-Norman warrior, Bohemond of Taranto.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the son of the famed Norman adventurer, Robert Guiscard – who gave
Bohemond his nickname (his Christian name was Mark) due to his immense size in
reference to a giant in Italian folklore. Bohemond’s participation in the
crusade was at first problematic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
the past several decades, Bohemond’s family had relentlessly attacked Byzantine
territories in the Adriatic and Bohemond himself had dealt the Emperor Alexios
a particularly humiliating defeat at Dyrrhachium in 1081.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It took the swearing of multiple oaths before
Alexios relented to Bohemond’s presence within the crusader leadership, and
even then, the tension was palpable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, Bohemond was by far the most militarily experienced leader
among the various lords, having spent a lifetime fighting in the eastern
Mediterranean and who knew what to expect once they crossed into Asia Minor. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His expertise would prove invaluable during
the engagement at Dorylaeum as would his contingent of crack Italio-Norman
knights, Sicilians, and Neapolitans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span> </span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Representing many of the northern European nobles was Godfrey of
Boullion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A highly respected lord within
Europe, he had initially been a key vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor and
incorrigible enemy of the papacy, Henry IV.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After the end of the Investiture Crisis, however, Godfrey became closely
aligned with the Popes in Rome and his joining the crusade against the wishes
of his excommunicated liege-lord must have been a significant public relations
victory for Pope Urban.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After selling
off his lands, Godfrey used the sum to raise a considerable force from the
Rhineland, Flanders, Lorraine, and other territories loosely associated with
the German Empire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lastly, the crusader
lords were accompanied by a Byzantine military advisor, Tatikios, and a nominal
contingent of Imperial troops from Constantinople.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Relations between the Western lords and
Emperor Alexios were strained at best and a significant amount of distrust
resided between both sides.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tatikios
essentially served as the eyes and ears of Alexios on this endeavor and ensured
that any formerly Byzantine territory recovered by the crusaders was promptly
returned to Imperial rule.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
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</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">On the opposite side,
the crusaders were about to face one of the premier Seljuk warlords of the day,
Kilij Arslan (whose second name means “the Lion” in Seljuk), the sultan of
Rum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kilij was a formidable leader who
belonged to the same generation of Turkic warriors that had inflicted the
disastrous defeat upon the Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071 (which provided the
initial inspiration for the First Crusade).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, Seljuk society was still predominantly nomadic and they were
definitely the newcomers in Asia Minor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Seljuk society was stratocratic in nature and fiercely competitive – the
loss of prestige for a particular warlord could easily mean his downfall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Petty rivalries between various tribes and
chieftains were the order of the day and, unbeknownst to them, the Western
crusaders marched into a land with very little real unity governing over
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his effort to halt the crusader
advance, Kilij called upon his kinsman, Ghazi, of the Danishmendid tribe to
assist him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While very little is known
about Ghazi, he was undoubtedly one of the few warlords Kilij could trust to
answer his call in his desperate hour.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
</span><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">The crusader army that
marched upon Asia Minor was the product of nearly 500 years of Western military
tradition that arose after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was the era of the heavily armored
knightly cavalryman and the dawn of the military tradition that would later
become known as chivalry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Developing
from old Roman cavalry methods and Frankish improvisations during the
Carolingian period, the premier Western warrior was the knight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Heavily armored with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maille</i> hauberk and coif, armed and trained for close-in melee
combat, and mounted on steeds especially bred for massed charges, the Western
knight in the 11<sup>th</sup> Century was the epitome of shock and maneuver and
was especially lethal in hand-to-hand combat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Supporting these knights were thousands of infantrymen of varying
degrees of quality – ranging from highly disciplined specialists wielding both
melee and ranged weapons to inexperienced volunteers eager to do their part in
the “fighting-pilgrimage” to Jerusalem and who would often prove to be a
hindrance in battle rather than a help.</span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
</span>
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">In stark contrast to
the melee-centric traditions of the Western crusaders, the Seljuks exemplified
the skirmishing traditions of their fellow steppe-peoples.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As with their Hunnic, Avar, and other Central
Asian kinsmen, the Turks relied on a potent mix of mounted speed, maneuver, and
massed firepower to rapidly outmaneuver and swarm their foes – all while
staying clear of any close encounters until the odds were heavily in their
favor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Turkic armies of this period were
almost entirely mounted on hardy steppe breeds that were tough, but fast when
well-handled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The core of the army
usually formed around the warlord and his elite retinue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sipahi</i>, hybrid mounted warriors who usually carried both lance and
bow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While these were the cream of the
horde, the meat consisted of thousands of mounted archers – all barely armored,
but carrying the classic weapon of the steppe cultures, the recurve bow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Small in size, but very powerful within its
150-200yd range, the recurve bow was comprised of wood, horn, and sinew all
glued together and “recurved” for greater power within a smaller frame – the
ideal weapon for the mounted archer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Crusader
chroniclers like Raymond of Aguilars commented that in battle the Turks “have
this custom in fighting, even though they are few in number, they always strive
to encircle their enemy.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They often
used feigned retreats and ambushes to overwhelm squadrons of pursuing
opponents, as they did in several engagements with the Byzantines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Speed, surprise, and mobility were critical
for the Seljuks – because the alternative often meant their ruin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In close quarters melee, even the finest
Seljuk warrior was at a disadvantage.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">For those who wore any armor at all, Turkic armor consisted of multiple
variations on the lightweight <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hazagand</i>
– a sort of cotton jerkin coat with possible scale or light <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maille</i> sewn into it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Compared against the far heavier and higher
quality steel armor and weaponry of the West, the average Turk stood little
chance in close melee unless his arrow-fire had sufficiently worn down his
opponent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These two warfighting
traditions were on a collision course as the crusader host precariously made
their way across Anatolia towards the small abandoned military outpost of
Dorylaeum.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><br />
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Sources Referenced:</span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">John France.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Victory in the East – A Military History of
the First Crusade. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cambridge UK:
Cambridge University Press, 1994.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">_______.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades 1000-1300</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.</span></span></span></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
<span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Fulcher of Chartres, et al.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and
Other Source Materials</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ed. Edward
Peters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Philadelphia PA: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1971.</span></span></span></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;">
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span>
<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAjnl7_xLOY8JYA30nrBKQjvKbVYYPm_1mJgecDagMcLkuhDDHsIEzb4TAhn01_-AQRgda8xLJoRAzI92ILnUku77YT1jIuS_xv46_4gTjmoZAvtUqK8vKIEslAaH9-0eLj5-CtQmKAqnNJ2YnhnFP-ioDXcpV56LjZS7STlqZ7aYZcnYkliPRgOLXww=s327" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="220" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAjnl7_xLOY8JYA30nrBKQjvKbVYYPm_1mJgecDagMcLkuhDDHsIEzb4TAhn01_-AQRgda8xLJoRAzI92ILnUku77YT1jIuS_xv46_4gTjmoZAvtUqK8vKIEslAaH9-0eLj5-CtQmKAqnNJ2YnhnFP-ioDXcpV56LjZS7STlqZ7aYZcnYkliPRgOLXww=s320" width="215" /></a></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span><b><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><span class="e24kjd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">The Holy Land in the Era of the Crusades: Kingdoms at the Crossroads of Civilizations is available for pre-order on <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=RMAWCLJXPJ3T&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1645097215&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C180&sr=8-1" target="_blank">amazon.com</a> and <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Holy-Land-Era-Crusades-Civilizations/dp/1526787598/ref=sr_1_1?crid=26N5I4J4NUOG8&keywords=The+Holy+Land+in+the+Era+of+the+Crusades&qid=1645096342&sprefix=the+holy+land+in+the+era+of+the+crusades%2Caps%2C127&sr=8-1" target="_blank">amazon.co.uk</a>.</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></div><span style="color: #990000;">
<span><br /></span>
</span><span style="color: #990000;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;"><i>To Shine with Honor: Coming of Age </i></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">de</span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">scribes France in the decades before the </span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span><span style="font-family: Cabin;">First Crusade.</span></span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><i><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> </span></span></i> </span><br />
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