After nearly a decade of fraternal fighting, al-Ashraf had died in 1237, leaving al-Kamil the victor in the Ayyubid power-struggle — until...

  Although Frederick II Hohenstaufen spent only a few months in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, his impact on the kingdom was arguably fatal. Wi...

  Frederick II’s singular failure to show up for the Fifth Crusade, despite ceremoniously taking crusader vows in both 1215 and 1220, did n...

  While the Franks regained their footing in the Holy Land, the crusading spirit experienced a revival in Western Europe. In 1212, a youth ...